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Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse
Mike W. Ross, DVM, DACVS
Sue J. Dyson, MA, VetMB, PhD, DEO, FRCVS
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PART I: DIAGNOSIS OF LAMENESS
Section 1: The Lameness Examination
Ch1. Lameness Examination: Historical Perspective
Ch2. Lameness in Horses: Basic Facts Before Starting
Ch3. Anamnesis (History)
Ch4. Conformation and Lameness
Ch5. Observation: Symmetry and Posture
Ch6. Palpation
Ch7. Movement
Ch8. Manipulation
Ch9. Applied Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System
Ch10. Diagnostic Analgesia
Ch11. Neurological Examination and Neurological Conditions Causing Gait Deficits
Ch12. Unexplained Lameness
Ch13. Assessment of Acute-Onset, Severe Lameness
Ch14. The Swollen Limb
Section 2: Diagnostic Imaging
Ch15. Radiography and Radiology
Ch16. Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Equine Limb: Technique
Ch17. Ultrasonographic Examination of Joints
Ch18. Ultrasonography and Orthopedic (Nonarticular) Disease
Ch19. Nuclear Medicine
Ch20. Computed Tomography
Ch21. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ch22. Gait Analysis for the Quantification of Lameness
Ch23. Arthroscopic Examination
Ch24. Tenoscopy and Bursoscopy
Ch25. Thermography: Use in Equine Lameness
PART II: THE FOOT
Ch26. The Biomechanics of the Equine Limb and Its Effect on Lameness
Ch27. The Foot and Shoeing
Ch28. Trauma to the Sole and Wall
Ch29. Functional Anatomy of the Palmar Aspect of the Foot
Ch30. Navicular Disease
Ch31. Fracture of the Navicular Bone and Congenital Bipartite Navicular Bone
Ch32. Primary Lesions of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon within the Hoof Capsule
Ch33. The Distal Phalanx and Distal Interphalangeal Joint
Ch34. Laminitis
PART III: THE FORELIMB
Ch35. The Proximal and Middle Phalanges and Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
Ch36. The Metacarpophalangeal Joint
Ch37. The Metacarpal Region
Ch38. The Carpus
Ch39. The Antebrachium
Ch40. The Elbow, Brachium, and Shoulder
PART IV: THE HINDLIMB
Ch41. The Hind Foot and Pastern
Ch42. The Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Ch43. The Metatarsal Region
Ch44. The Tarsus
Ch45. The Crus
Ch46. The Stifle
Ch47. The Thigh
Ch48. Mechanical and Neurological Lameness in the Forelimbs and Hindlimbs
PART V: THE AXIAL SKELETON
Ch49. Diagnosis and Management of Pelvic Fractures in the Thoroughbred Racehorse
Ch50. Lumbosacral and Pelvic Injuries in Sports and Pleasure Horses
Ch51. Diagnosis and Management of Sacroiliac Joint Injuries
Ch52. Thoracolumbar Spine
Ch53. The Cervical Spine and Soft Tissues of the Neck
PART VI: DEVELOPMENTAL ORTHOPEDIC DISEASE AND LAMENESS
Ch54. Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis
Ch55. The Role of Nutrition in Developmental Orthopedic Disease: Nutritional Management
Ch56. Diagnosis and Management of Osteochondrosis and Osseous Cystlike Lesions
Ch57. Physitis
Ch58. Angular Limb Deformities
Ch59. Flexural Limb Deformities in Foals
Ch60. Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy
PART VII: ARTHRITIS
Ch61. Osteoarthritis
Ch62. Markers of Osteoarthritis: Implications for Early Diagnosis and Monitoring of the Pathological Course and Effects of Therapy
Ch63. Gene Therapy
Ch64. Models of Equine Joint Disease
Ch65. Infectious Arthritis and Fungal Infectious Arthritis
Ch66. Noninfectious Arthritis
Ch67. Other Joint Conditions
PART VIII: THE SOFT TISSUES
Ch68. Pathophysiology of Tendon Injury
Ch69. Superficial Digital Flexor Tendonitis
Ch70. The Deep Digital Flexor Tendon
Ch71. Injuries of the Accessory Ligament of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon
Ch72. The Suspensory Apparatus
Ch73. Clinical Use of Stem Cells, Marrow Components, and Other Growth Factors
Ch74. Diseases of the Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath, Palmar Annular Ligament, and Digital Annular Ligaments
Ch75. The Carpal Canal and Carpal Synovial Sheath
Ch76. The Tarsal Sheath
Ch77. Extensor Tendon Injury
Ch78. Curb
Ch79. Bursae and Other Soft Tissue Swellings
Ch80. Other Soft Tissue Injuries
Ch81. Tendon Lacerations
Ch82. Soft Tissue Injuries of the Pastern
Ch83. Skeletal Muscle and Lameness
PART IX: THERAPEUTICS
Section 1: Traditional Therapy
Ch84. Principles and Practices of Joint Disease Treatment
Ch85. Analgesia and Hindlimb Lameness
Ch86. Bandaging, Splinting, and Casting
Ch87. External Skeletal Fixation
Ch88. Counterirritation
Ch89. Cryotherapy
Ch90. Radiation Therapy
Ch91. Rest and Rehabilitation
Section 2: Complementary (Nontraditional) Therapy
Ch92. Acupuncture
Ch93. Chiropractic Evaluation and Management of Musculoskeletal Disorders
Ch94. Electrophysical Agents in Physiotherapy
Ch95. Osteopathic Treatment of the Axial Skeleton of the Horse
Ch96. Shock Wave Therapy
PART X: LAMENESS IN THE SPORTS HORSE
Section 1: Poor Performance
Ch97. Poor Performance and Lameness
Ch98. Experiences Using a High-Speed Treadmill to Evaluate Lameness
Section 2: The Racehorse
Ch99. The Sales Yearling
Ch100. Pathophysiology and Clinical Diagnosis of Cortical and Subchondral Bone Injury
Ch101. Bone Biomarkers
Ch102. The Bucked-Shin Complex
Ch103. On-the-Track Catastrophes in the Thoroughbred Racehorse
Ch104. Catastrophic Injuries
Ch105. Track Surfaces and Lameness: Epidemiological Aspects of Racehorse Injury
Ch106. The North American Thoroughbred
Ch107. The European Thoroughbred
Ch108. The North American Standardbred
Ch109. The European and Australasian Standardbreds
Ch110. The Racing Quarter Horse
Ch111. Lameness in the Arabian Racehorse: Middle East and North America
Ch112. National Hunt Racehorse, Point to Point Horse, and Timber Racing Horse
Ch113. The Finnish Horse and Other Scandinavian Cold-Blooded Trotters
Section 3: Nonracing Sports Horses
Ch114. Prepurchase Examination of the Performance Horse
Ch115. Lameness in the Show Hunter and Show Jumper
Ch116. Lameness in the Dressage Horse
Ch117. Lameness in the Three Day Event Horse
Ch118. Lameness in Endurance Horses
Ch119. Lameness in the Polo Pony
Ch120. The Western Performance Horse
Ch121. Walking Horses
Ch122. Lameness in the American Saddlebred and Other Trotting Breeds with Collection
Ch123. Lameness in the Arabian and Half-Arabian Show Horse
Ch124. Lameness in the Driving Horse
Ch125. Lameness in Draft Horses
Ch126. Lameness in the Pony
Ch127. Lameness in Breeding Stallions and Broodmares
Ch128. Lameness in Foals
Ch129. Pleasure Riding Horse
Videos
Normal Gait
Gait of a normal horse when evaluated in-hand and while lunged
Gait of a normal horse while ridden
Unilateral Forelimb Lameness
Left forelimb lameness
Right forelimb lameness
Unilateral forelimb lameness resulting from upper limb pain - A
Unilateral forelimb lameness resulting from upper limb pain - B
Bilateral Forelimb Lameness
Bilateral forelimb lameness worse in the right forelimb
Effect of Circling on Forelimb Lameness
Right forelimb lameness
Bilateral forelimb lameness
Characteristics of carpal region pain
Hindlimb Lameness Without a Head and Neck Nod
Left hindlimb lameness in a horse with stifle pain
Left hindlimb lameness in a horse with bilateral suspensory desmitis
Right hindlimb lameness in a horse with peritarsal soft-tissue injury
Right hindlimb lameness
Left hindlimb lameness, effect of the pace and trot during lameness examination
Hindlimb Lameness with an Associated Head and Neck Nod
Severe right hindlimb lameness from pain associated with fracture of the central tarsal bone
Severe left hindlimb lameness - A
Right hindlimb lameness as a result of severe osteoarthritis of the medial femorotibial joint
Severe left hindlimb lameness - B
Bilateral Hindlimb Lameness
Bilateral hindlimb lameness and plaiting while trotting
Bilateral hindlimb lameness exhibited as a reluctance to work
Effect of Circling on Hindlimb Lameness
Right hindlimb lameness and toe drag
Toe dragging while circling
Right hindlimb lameness worse going to the right
Concurrent Forelimb and Hindlimb Lameness
Left forelimb and left hindlimb lameness
Left forelimb and left hindlimb lameness in a Standardbred racehorse
Left hindlimb and right forelimb lameness causing a "rocking-type" gait
Left hindlimb and right forelimb lameness in a trotter before and after low plantar diagnostic analgesia
Bilateral hindlimb and mild forelimb lameness in a Thoroughbred racehorse with mal- or nonadaptive subchondral bone remodeling
Other Aspects of Hindlimb Lameness
Hindlimb lameness while ridden
Gait restriction from thoracolumbar pain
Gait restriction from sacroiliac region pain
Neurological Gait Deficits
Gait deficit in a horse with a cervical spinal cord lesion
Hindlimb ataxia and right shoulder instability
Hindlimb weakness
Gait deficit in a horse with cervical stenotic myelopathy
Mechanical Gait Deficits
Fibrotic myopathy
Stringhalt
Shivers
Upward fixation of the patella
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius injury in a mature horse
Fibularis tertius avulsion injury in a foal
Esoteric Gait Abnormalities
Right hindlimb gait abnormailty
Running type of hindlimb gait
Aortoiliac thrombosis
Left hindlimb lameness and gait deficit in a horse with gastrocnemius origin injury
Idiopathic shortening of the cranial phase of the stride in a right hindlimb
Image Collection
Author Bios
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Ch119. Lameness in the Polo Pony
Ch119. Lameness in the Polo Pony
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