Ch33. The Distal Phalanx and Distal Interphalangeal Joint

Ch33. The Distal Phalanx and Distal Interphalangeal Joint

Primary Pain Associated with the Distal Interphalangeal Joint

  1. Denoix J-M: Functional anatomy of tendons and ligaments in the distal limbs, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:273, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Denoix J-M: Functional anatomy of the equine interphalangeal joints, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:174, 1999.
  3. Chateau H, Deugueurce C, Jerbi H, et al: Normal three-dimensional behaviour of the metacarpophalangeal joint and the effect of uneven foot bearing, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:84, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Dyson S: The puzzle of distal interphalangeal joint pain, Equine Vet Educ 10:119, 1998.
  5. Schumacher J, Steiger R, Schumacher J, et al: Effects of analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint or palmar digital nerves on lameness caused by solar pain in horses, Vet Surg 29:54, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Schumacher J, Schramme M, Schumacher J, et al: The effect of volumes of local anaesthetic administered into the coffin joint on solar toe or heel pain, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:27, 2000.
  7. Dyson S: Lameness due to pain associated with the distal interphalangeal joint: 45 cases, Equine Vet J 23:128, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Dyson S, Kidd L: A comparison of responses to analgesia of the navicular bursa and intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint in 59 horses, Equine Vet J 25:93, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Turner T: Predictive value of diagnostic tests for navicular pain, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:201, 1996.
  10. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: The foot, pastern and fetlock. In Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell.
  11. Denoix J-M: Ligament injuries of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses, Proceedings of the Sixth World Equine Veterinary Association Congress, Paris, September 1999.
  12. Sage A, Turner T: Ultrasonography in the horse with palmar foot pain: 13 cases, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:380, 2000.
  13. Denoix J-M: The equine distal limb: an atlas of clinical anatomy and comparative imaging, London, 2000, Manson Publishing.
  14. Ross M: Observations in horses with lameness abolished by palmar digital analgesia, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 44:230, 1998.
  15. Kristensen K, Kold S: Multivariable analysis of factors influencing outcome of 2 treatment protocols in 128 cases of horses responding positively to intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint, Equine Vet J 39:150, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 1980-2002.
  17. Verschooten F, DeMoor A: Subchondral cystic and related lesions affecting the pedal bone and stifle, Equine Vet J 14:114, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Haack D, Hertsch B, Baez C: Zystoide defekte im huftein des pferdes, Pferdheilkunde 14:143, 1998.
  19. Wagner P, Modransky P, Gavin P, et al: Surgical management of subchondral bone cysts of the third phalanx in the horse, Equine Pract 4:9, 1982.
  20. Honnas C, Trotter G: The distal interphalangeal joint. In White N, Moore J, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
  21. Wright I: Personal communication, 1996.
  22. Heitzmann A, Denoix J-M: Rupture of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament with proximal displacement of the distal sesamoid bone in a steeplechaser, Equine Vet Educ 19:117, 2007.
  23. Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine foot, Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:46, 2007.
  24. Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of 264 horses with foot pain: the podotrochlear apparatus, the deep digital flexor tendon and the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint, Equine Vet J 39:340, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Blunden A, Dyson S, Murray R, et al: Histological findings in horses with chronic palmar foot pain and age-matched control horses. Part 1: the navicular bone and related structures, Equine Vet J 38:15, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Dyson S, Pool R, Blunden T, et al: The distal sesamoidean impar ligament: comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and histology, Equine Vet J 42:332, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Biggi M, Dyson S: High-field magnetic resonance imaging investigation of distal border fragments of the navicular bone in horses with foot pain, Equine Vet J (In press.)
  28. Biggi M, Dyson S: Comparison between radiological and magnetic resonance imaging lesions in the distal border of the navicular bone with particular reference to distal border fragments and osseous cyst-like lesions, Equine Vet J (In press.) PUBMED Abstract

Fractures and Fragmentation of the Extensor Process of the Distal Phalanx

  1. Dechant JE, Trotter GW, Stashak TS, et al: Removal of large fragments of the extensor process of the distal phalanx via arthrotomy in horses: 14 cases (1992-1998), J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1351, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Honnas C, Trotter GW: The distal interphalangeal joint. In White N, Moore J, eds: Current techniques in equine lameness and surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
  3. Boening KJ, von Saldern F, Leendertse IP, et al: Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy of the equine coffin joint, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 35:311, 1989.
  4. Kaneps A, O’Brein T, Redden RF, et al: Characterization of osseous bodies of the distal phalanx of foals, Equine Vet J 25:285, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  5. ter Braake F: Arthroscopic removal of large fragments of the extensor process of the distal phalanx in 4 horses, Equine Vet Educ 17:101, 2005.
  6. MacLellan K, MacDonald DG, Crawford WH, et al: Lag screw fixation of an extensor process fracture in a foal with flexural deformity, Can Vet J 38:226, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

Injuries of the Collateral Ligaments of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint

  1. McDiarmid A: Distal interphalangeal joint lameness in horses associated with damage to the insertion of the lateral collateral ligament, Equine Vet Educ 10:114, 1998.
  2. Denoix J-M: Ligament injuries of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses, Proceedings of the Sixth World Equine Veterinary Association Congress, Paris, September 1999.
  3. Sage A, Turner T: Ultrasonography in the horse with palmar foot pain: 13 cases, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:380, 2000.
  4. Dyson S, Murray R: Collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint in 62 horses (January 2001-December 2003), Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 50:248, 2004.
  5. Zubrod C, Farnsworth K, Tucker R, et al: Injury of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:11, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Gutierrez S, White N, Werpy N, et al: Desmopathy of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint detected with a low-field magnetic resonance imaging system: 20 cases, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:21, 2009.
  7. Dyson S, Blunden T, Murray R: The collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint: magnetic resonance imaging and post mortem observations in 25 lame and 12 control horses, Equine Vet J 40:538, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Denoix J-M: Functional anatomy of the equine interphalangeal joints, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:174, 1999.
  9. Dyson S, Brown V, Collins S, Murray R: Is there an association between ossification of the cartilages of the foot and collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint or distal phalanx injury? Equine Vet J (In press.) PUBMED Abstract
  10. Dyson S, Murray R: Verification of scintigraphic imaging for injury diagnosis in 264 horses with foot pain, Equine Vet J 39:350, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Spriet M, Mai W, McKnight A: Asymmetric signal intensity in normal collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses with a low field MRI system: a manifestation of the magic angle effect, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:95, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Smith M, Dyson S, Murray R: Is a magic angle effect observed in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint or the oblique sesamoidean ligaments during standing low field magnetic resonance imaging? Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:509, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Werpy N, Ho C, Kawcak C: Magic angle effect in normal collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses imaged with a high-field magnetic resonance imaging system, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 51:2, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Dakin S, Dyson S, Murray R, et al: Osseous abnormalities associated with collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint: Part 1, Equine Vet J 41:786, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine foot, Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:46, 2007.
  16. Dakin S, Dyson S, Murray R, et al: Osseous abnormalities associated with collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint: Part 2. Treatment and outcome, Equine Vet J 41:794, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Smith M, Crowe O, Ellson C, et al: Surgical treatment of osseous cyst-like lesions in the distal phalanx arising from collateral ligament insertional injury, Equine Vet Educ 17:195, 2005.

Osseous Cystlike Lesions in the Distal Phalanx

  1. Verschooten F, De Moor A: Subchondral cystic and related lesions affecting the equine pedal bone and stifle, Equine Vet J 14:47, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Bramlage L: Osteochondrosis related bone cysts, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:83, 1993.
  3. Honnas C, Trotter GW: The distal interphalangeal joint. In White N, Moore J, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
  4. Scott E, Snyder S, Schmotzer W, et al: Subchondral bone cysts with fractures of the extensor processes in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:595, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  5. McIlwraith CW: Personal communication, 2001.
  6. Wagner P, Modransky P, Gavin P, et al: Surgical management of subchondral bone cysts of the third phalanx in the horse, Equine Pract 4:9, 1982.
  7. Wright I: Personal communication, 2001.
  8. Story M, Bramlage L: Arthroscopic debridement of subchondral bone cysts in the distal phalanx of 11 horses (1994-2000), Equine Vet J 36:356, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

Osseous Trauma of the Distal and Middle Phalanges

  1. Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine foot, Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:46, 2007.
  2. Zubrod C, Schneider R, Tucker R, et al: Diagnosis of subchondral bone damage using magnetic resonance imaging in 11 horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 24:411, 2004.
  3. Olive J, Mair T, Charles B: Use of standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose middle phalanx bone marrow lesions in horses. Equine Vet Educ 21:125, 2009.
  4. Dyson S, Murray R: Lameness and diagnostic imaging in the sports horse: recent advances related to the digit, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 53:262, 2007.
  5. Dyson S, Brown V, Collins S, Murray R: Is there an association between ossification of the cartilages of the foot and collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint or distal phalanx injury? Equine vet J (In press.) PUBMED Abstract
  6. Dyson S, Murray R: Injuries associated with ossification of the cartilages of the foot, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract (In press.)

Keratomas and Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Space-Occupying Lesions in the Hoof

  1. Hamir A, Kunz C, Evans L: Equine keratoma, J Vet Diagn Invest 4:99, 1990.
  2. Reeves M, Yovich J, Turner A: Miscellaneous conditions of the equine foot, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:221, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Lloyd K, Peterson P, Wheat J, et al: Keratomas in horses: seven cases (1975-1986), J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:967, 1998.
  4. Berry C, O’Brien T, Pool R: Squamous cell carcinoma of the hoof wall in a stallion, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:90, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Gelatt K, Neuwirth L, Hawkins D, et al: Haemangioma of the distal phalanx in a colt, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 37:323, 1996.
  6. Honnas C, Liskey C, Meagher D, et al: Malignant melanoma in the foot of a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:756, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Kunze D, Monticello T, Jakob T, et al: Malignant melanoma of the coronary band in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:297, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: Foot, pastern and fetlock. In Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell.
  9. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 2001.
  10. Moyer W: Keratoma. In Colahan P, Mayhew I, Merritt A, et al, eds: Equine medicine and surgery, ed 5, St. Louis, 1999, Mosby.
  11. Chan C, Munroe G: Treatment of a keratoma in a Clydesdale horse, Vet Rec 140:453, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Pickersgill C: Recurrent white line abscessation associated with a keratoma in a riding pony, Equine Vet Educ 12:286, 2000.
  13. Seahorn T, Sams A, Honnas C, et al: Ultrasonographic imaging of a keratoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1973, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Mair T: Personal communication, 2007.
  15. Frisbie D, Trotter G: Keratomas. In White N, Moore J, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
  16. Boys Smith S, Clegg P, Hughes I, et al: Complete and partial hoof wall resection for keratoma removal: postoperative complications and final outcome in 26 horses (1994-2004), Equine Vet J 38:127, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

Fractures of the Distal Phalanx

  1. Scott E, McDole M, Shires M: A review of third phalanx fractures in the horse: sixty-five cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:1337, 1979. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Honnas C, O’Brien T, Linford R: Distal phalanx fractures in horses: a survey of 274 horses with radiographic assessment of healing in 36 horses, Vet Radiol 29:98, 1988.
  3. Yovich J, Stashak T, DeBowes R, et al: Fractures of the distal phalanx of the forelimb in eight foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:550, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Kaneps A, O’Brien T, Redden R, et al: Characterisation of osseous bodies of the distal phalanx of foals, Equine Vet J 25:285, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Kaneps A, O’Brien T, Willits N, et al: Effect of hoof trimming on the occurrence of distal phalangeal fractures in foals, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41:251, 1995.
  6. Honnas C, O’Brien T, Linford R: Solar margin fractures of the distal phalanx, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33:399, 1987.
  7. Petterrson H: Fractures of the pedal bone in the horse, Equine Vet J 8:104, 1976. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Yovich J, Hilbert B, McGill C: Fracture of the distal phalanx in horses, Austr Vet J 59:180, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Honnas C, Trotter G: Articular fractures of the distal phalanx. In White N, Moore J, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
  10. Hertsch B, Neuberth M: Die isolierte ossifakation am hufbeinast des pferdes: eine differentialdiagnostische abgrenzung zu hufbeinastfraktur und hufknorpelverknocherung, Pferdeheilkunde 7:169, 1991.
  11. Yovich J: Fractures of the distal phalanx in the horse, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:145, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Rabuffo TS, Ross MW: Fractures of the distal phalanx in 72 racehorses: 1990-2001, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 48:375, 2002.
  13. Robson K, Kristoffersen M, Dyson S: Palmar or plantar process fractures of the distal phalanx in riding horses: 22 cases (1994-2003), Equine Vet Educ 20:40, 2008.
  14. Keegan K, Twardock R, Losonsky J, et al: Scintigraphic evaluation of fractures of the distal phalanx in horses: 27 cases (1979-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:1993, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Dyson S, Murray R: Injuries associated with ossification of the cartilages of the foot, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract (In press.)
  16. Herthel D, Rick M, Lauper L, et al: Repair of distal phalanx fractures with articular involvement by using the titanium Herbert cannulated bone screw, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:170, 1996.
  17. Ross M: Observations in horses with lameness abolished by palmar digital analgesia, Proceedings of the Seventh World Equine Veterinary Association, WEVA-SIVE 197, Sorrento, September 2001.

Pedal Osteitis: Does It Exist?

  1. Rendano V: Radiographic interpretation: pedal osteitis, Calif Vet 33:27, 1979.
  2. Linford R, O’Brien T, Trout D: Qualitative and morphometric radiographic findings in the distal phalanx and distal soft tissues of sound Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 54:38, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: Foot, pastern and fetlock. In Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell.
  4. Dyson S, Ross M: Unpublished data, 2001.
  5. Moyer W, O’Brien T, Walker M: Nonseptic pedal osteitis: a cause of lameness and a diagnosis? Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:178, 1999.
  6. Nagy A, Dyson S, Murray R: Radiographic, scintigraphic and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the palmar processes of the distal phalanx, Equine Vet J 40:57, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Dyson S: Non-septic osteitis of the distal phalanx and its palmar processes, Equine Vet Educ (In press.)
  8. Dyson S, Brown V, Collins S, Murray R: Is there an association between ossification of the cartilages of the foot and collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint or distal phalanx injury? Equine Vet J (In press.) PUBMED Abstract
  9. Dyson S, Murray R: Injuries associated with ossification of the cartilages of the foot, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract (In press.)

Osteitis of the Palmar Processes of the Distal Phalanx

  1. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: The foot, pastern and fetlock. In Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell.
  2. Trotter G: Personal communication, 2001.
  3. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 2001.
  4. Nagy A, Dyson S, Murray R: Radiographic, scintigraphic and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the palmar processes of the distal phalanx, Equine Vet J 40:57, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Dyson S: Non-septic osteitis of the distal phalanx and its palmar processes, Equine Vet Educ (In press.)
  6. Dyson S, Brown V, Collins S, Murray R: Is there an association between ossification of the cartilages of the foot and collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint or distal phalanx injury? Equine vet J (In press.) PUBMED Abstract
  7. Dyson S, Murray R: Injuries associated with ossification of the cartilages of the foot, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract (In press.)

Disease of the Cartilages of the Foot

  1. Nickel R, Schummer A, Bewegungsapparat S: Zehegelenke des Pferdes. In Nickel R, Schummer A, eds: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere, Band 1, ed 2, Berlin, 1961, Paul Parey.
  2. Bowker R, Van Wulfen K, Springer S, et al: Functional anatomy of the cartilage of the distal phalanx and digital cushion in the equine foot and a hemodynamic flow hypothesis of energy dissipation, Am J Vet Res 59:961, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Ruohoniemi M: Ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx in the front feet of Finnhorses, doctoral thesis, Helsinki, Finland, 1997, University of Helsinki.
  4. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: The foot, pastern and fetlock. In Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell.
  5. Down S, Dyson S, Murray R: Ossification of the cartilages of the foot, Equine Vet Educ 19:51, 2007.
  6. Dyson S, Murray R: Lameness and diagnostic imaging in the sports horse: recent advances related to the digit, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 53:262, 2007.
  7. Nagy A, Dyson S, Murray R: Scintigraphic examination of the cartilages of the foot, Equine Vet J 39:250256, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Dyson S, Nagy A: Injuries associated with the cartilages of the foot, Equine Vet Educ (In press.)
  9. Dyson S, Murray R: Injuries associated with ossification of the cartilages of the foot, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract (In press.)
  10. Dakin S, Robson K, Dyson S: Fractures of ossified cartilages of the foot: 10 cases, Equine Vet Educ 18:130, 2006.
  11. Mair T, Sherlock C: Collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint in conjunction with concurrent ossification of the cartilages of the foot in nine horses, Equine Vet Educ 20:485, 2008.
  12. Dyson S, Brown V, Collins S, Murray R: Is there an association between ossification of the cartilages of the foot and collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint or distal phalanx injury? Equine Vet J (In press.) PUBMED Abstract
  13. Denoix J-M: Personal communication, 2000.