Ch84. Principles and Practices of Joint Disease Treatment

Ch84. Principles and Practices of Joint Disease Treatment

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  7. Keegan KG, Messer NT, Reed SK, et al: Effectiveness of administration of phenylbutazone alone or concurrent administration of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine to eliminate lameness in horses, Am J Vet Res 69: 167, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE, et al: Evaluation of topically administered diclofenac liposomal crème for treatment of experimental osteoarthritis in horses, Am J Vet Res 70: 210, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Frisbie DD: Current and future treatments of equine joint disease, Proc Am Assoc Equinefocus meeting on Equine Joint Disease, 2004.
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  12. Legendre LT, Tessmin RK, McClure SR, et al: Pharmacokinetics of firocoxib after administration of multiple consecutive daily doses to horses, Am J Vet Res 69: 1399, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
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  15. Caldwell FJ, Mueller PO, Lynn RC, et al: Effect of topical application of diclopenac liposomal suspension on experimental induced subcutaneous inflammation in horses, Am J Vet Res 65: 271, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Bertone JJ, Lynn RC, Vatistas NJ, et al: Clinical field trial to evaluate the efficacy of topically applied diclopenac liposomal cream for the relief of joint lameness in horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 48: 190, 2002.
  17. Trotter GW: Intra-articular corticosteroids. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds: Joint disease in the horse, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders.
  18. Foland JW, McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, et al: Effect of betamethasone and exercise on equine carpal joints with osteochondral fragments, Vet Surg 23: 369, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Baxter GM, et al: Effects of 6α-methylprednisolone acetate on an in vivo equine osteochondral fragment exercise model, Am J Vet Res 59: 1619, 1998.
  20. Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, et al: Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on an in vivo osteochondral fragment exercise model, Equine Vet J 29: 349, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Kawcak CE, Norrdin RW, Frisbie DD, et al: Effects of osteochondral fragmentation in intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide treatment on subchondral bone in the equine carpus, Equine Vet J 30: 66, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Murray RC, DeBowes RM, Gaughn EM, et al: The effects of intra-articular methylprednisolone and exercise on the mechanical properties of articular cartilage in the horse, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 6: 106, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Murray RC, Znaor N, Tanner KE, et al: The effect of intra-articular methylprednisolone acetate and energy on equine carpal subchondral and cancellous bone microhardness, Equine Vet J 34: 306, 2002.
  24. Bolt DM, Ishihara A, Weisbrode SE, et al: Effects of triamcinolone acetonide, sodium hyaluronate, amikacin sulfate and mipivican hydrochloride alone and in combination on morphology and matrix composition of lipopolysaccharide-challenged and unchallenged equine articular cartilage explants, Am J Vet Res 69: 861, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Dechant JE, Baxter GM, Frisbie DD, et al: Effects of dosage titration of methylprednisolone acetate and triamcinolone acetonide on interleukin-l-conditioned equine articular cartilage explants in vitro, Equine Vet J 35: 444, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
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  27. McCluskey MJ, Kavenagh PD: Clinical use of triamcinolone acetonide in the horses (205 cases) and the incidence of glucocorticoid-induced laminitis associated with its use, Equine Vet Educ 108, 2004.
  28. Dutton H: The corticosteroid laminitis story: 1. Duty of care, Equine Vet J 39: 5, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Bailey SR, Elliott J: The corticosteroid laminitis story: 2. Science of if, when and how, Equine Vet J 39: 7, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Bathe AP: The corticosteroid laminitis story. 3. The clinician’s viewpoint, Equine Vet J 39: 12, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Labens R, Mellor DJ, Voute LC: Retrospective study of the effect of intra-articular treatment of osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints in 51 horses, Vet Rec 161: 611, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Ozturk C, Athmaz F, Hepguler S, et al: The safety and efficacy of intra-articular hyaluronan with/without corticosteroid in knee osteoarthritis: 1 year, single-blind, randomized study, Rheumatol Int 26: 314, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Doyle AJ, Stewart AA, Constable PD, et al: Effects of sodium hyaluronate and methylprednisolone acetate on proteoglycan synthesis in equine articular cartilage explants, Am J Vet Res 66: 48, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Yates AC, Stewart AA, Byron CR, et al: Effects of sodium hyaluronate and methylprednisolone acetate on proteoglycan metabolism in equine articular chondrocytes treated with interleukin-1, Am J Vet Res 67: 1980, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  35. McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE: Current treatments for traumatic synovitis, capsulitis, and osteoarthritis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 47: 180, 2001.
  36. Howard RD, McIlwraith CW: Hyaluronan and its use in the treatment of equine joint disease. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds: Joint disease in the horse, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders.
  37. Gotoh S, Onya J, Abe M, et al: Effects of the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid and its action mechanisms on experimental joint pain in rats, Ann Rheum Dis 52: 817, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Lynch TM, Caron JP, Arnoczky SP, et al: Influence of exogenous hyaluronan on synthesis of hyaluronan and collagenase by equine synoviocytes, Am J Vet Res 59: 888, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Clegg PD, Jones MD, Carter SD: The effect of drugs commonly used in the treatment of equine articular disorders on the activity of equine matrix metalloproteinases-2 and 9, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 21: 406, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Goldberg VM, Buckwalter JA: Hyaluronans in the treatment of osteoarthritis in the knee: evidence for disease-modifying activity, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13: 216, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Aviad AD, Houpt JB: The molecular weight of therapeutic hyaluronan (sodium hyaluronate): how significant is it? J Rheumatol 21: 297, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Smith MM, Ghosh P: The synthesis of hyaluronic acid by human synovial fibroblasts is influenced by the extracellular environment, Rheumatol Int 7: 113, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Gaustad G, Larsen S: Comparison of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan in sodium hyaluronate with placebo in treatment of traumatic arthritis in horses, Equine Vet J 27: 356, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Gaustad G, Dolvik NI, Larsen S: Comparison of intra-articular injection of 2 mls of 0.9% NaCl solution with rest alone for treatment of horses with traumatic arthritis, Am J Vet Res 60: 1117, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, et al: Evaluation of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan or sodium hyaluronan administered intra-articularly for treatment of experimental osteoarthritis in horses, Am J Vet Res 70: 203, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW, et al: Effects of intravenous administration of sodium hyaluronate on carpal joints in exercising horses after arthroscopic surgery and osteochondral fragmentation, Am J Vet Res 58: 1132, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  47. McIlwraith CW, Goodman NL, Frisbie DD: Prospective study on the prophylactic value of intravenous hyaluronan in 2-year-old racing Quarter horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 44: 271, 1998.
  48. Trotter GW: Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (Adequan®). In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds: Joint disease in the horse, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders.
  49. May SA, Hooke RE, Lees P: The effect of drugs used in the treatment of osteoarthritis on stromelysin (proteoglycanease) of equine synovial cell origin, Equine Vet J S6: 28, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Glade MJ: Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan accelerates net synthesis of collagen in glycosaminoglycans by arthritic equine cartilage tissues in chondrocytes, Am J Vet Res 51: 779, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Caron JP, Eberhart SW, Nachreiner R: Influence of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on equine articular cartilage in explant culture, Am J Vet Res 52: 1622, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Tew WP: Demonstration by synovial fluid analysis of the efficacy in horses of an investigational drug (L-1016), J Equine Vet Sci March/April: 42, 1982.
  53. White GW, Jones EW, Hamm J, et al: The efficacy of orally administered sulfated glycosaminoglycan in chemically-induced equine synovitis and degenerative joint disease, J Equine Vet Sci 14: 350, 1994.
  54. Trotter GW, Yovich J, McIlwraith CW, et al: Effects of intramuscular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on chemical and physical defect in equine articular cartilage, Can J Vet Res 43: 224, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  55. Todhunter RJ, Minor RR, Wootton J, et al: Effects of exercise and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on repair of articular cartilage defects in the equine carpus, J Orthop Res 11: 782, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  56. Yovich J, Trotter GW, McIlwraith CW, et al: Effects of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan upon chemical and physical defects in equine articular cartilage, Am J Vet Res 48: 1407, 1987.
  57. Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW: Evaluation of the effect of extracorporeal shockwave treatment on experimentally induced e osteoarthritis in middle carpal joints of horses, Am J Vet Res 70: 449, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Caron JP, Kaneene JB, Miller R: Results of a survey of equine practitioners on the use and efficacy of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, Am J Vet Res 209: 1564, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  59. Burba DJ, Collier MA, Default LE, et al: In vivo kinetic study on uptake and distribution of intramuscular titanium-labeled polysulfated glycosaminoglycan in equine body fluid compartments and articular cartilage in an osteochondral defect model, J Equine Vet Sci 13: 696, 1993.
  60. Howell DS, Carreno MR, Palletta JP, et al: Articular cartilage breakdown in a lapine model of osteoarthritis: action of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate ester (GAGPS) on proteoglycan enzyme activity, hexuronate, and cell count, Clin Orthop 213: 69, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  61. Gustafson SB, McIlwraith CW, Jones RL: Comparison of the effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, corticosteroids, and sodium hyaluronate in the potentiation of a sub infective dose of Staphylococcus aureus in the middle carpal joint of horses, Am J Vet Res 50: 2014, 1989.
  62. Gustafson DB, McIlwraith CW, Jones RL: Further investigations into the potentiation of infection by intra-articular injection of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and the effect of filtration and intra-articular injection of Amikacin, Am J Vet Res 50: 2018, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Kristiansen KK, Kold SE: Multi-variable analysis of factors influencing outcome of two treatment protocols in 128 cases of horses responding positively to intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint, Equine Vet J 39: 150, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Little C, Ghosh P: Potential use of pentosan polysulfate for the treatment of equine joint disease, Joint Dis Horse 1: 281, 1996.
  65. Ghosh PM, Armb S, Read R, et al: Animal models of early osteoarthritis: their use for the evaluation of potential chondroprotective agents, Agents Actions Suppl 195, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  66. Pagnano M, Westrich G: Successful non-operative management for chronic osteoarthritis pain of the knee: safety and efficacy of pre-treatment with intra-articular hyaluronans, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13: 751, 2005.
  67. Raynauld JP, Goldsmith CH, Bellamy N, et al: Effectiveness and safety of repeat courses of hylan G-F 20 in patients with knee osteoarthritis, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13: 111, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  68. Hamburger MI: Letter to the editor: Response to the article by Raynauld et al, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13: 1039, 2005.
  69. Hamburger M, Settles M, Teutsch J: Identification of an immunogenic candidate for the elicitation of severe acute inflammatory reactions (SAIRs) to hylan G-F 20, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13: 266, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  70. Frisbie DD, Sandler EA, Trotter GW, et al: Metabolic and mitogenic activities of insulin-like growth factors-1 and interleukin-1 conditioned equine cartilage, Am J Vet Res 62: 436, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  71. Duren S: Oral joint supplements: panacea or expensive fad? Adv Equine Nutr III: 77, 2005.
  72. Oke SL, McIlwraith CW: Review of the potential indications and contraindications for equine oral health supplements, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 54: 261, 2008.
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  74. Adebowale AO, Cox DS, Linang I, et al: Analysis of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate content in marketed products and CACO-2 permeability of chondroitin sulfate raw materials, J Am Nutraceuticals Assoc 3: 37, 2003.
  75. Adebowale AO, Du J, Liang I, et al: The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate after single and multiple doses to beagle dogs, Biopharm Drug Dispos 23: 217, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  76. Laverty S, Sandy JD, Celeste T, et al: Synovial fluid levels and serum pharmacokinetics in a large animal model following treatment with oral glycosaminoglycan at clinically relevant doses, Arthritis Rheum 52: 181, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  77. Du J, White N, Eddington ND., et al: The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate after oral, intravenous single dose administration in the horse, Biopharm Drug Dispos 25: 109, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  78. Fenton JJ, Chlebek-Brown KA, Peters TL, et al: Glucosamine HCI reduces equine articular degeneration in explant cultures, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 6: 258, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  79. Dechant JE, Baxter GM, Frisbie DD, et al: Effects of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate, alone and in combination, on normal and interleukin-l conditioned equine articular cartilage explant metabolism, Equine Vet J 37: 227, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  80. Bergin BJ, Pierce SW, Bramlage LR, et al: Oral hyaluronan gel reduces post-operative tarsocrural effusion in the yearling Thoroughbred. Clinical evidence, Equine Vet J 38: 375, 2005.
  81. Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW, et al: Evaluation of avocado and soybean unsaponifiable extracts for treatment of horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis using an equine model, Am J Vet Res 68: 598, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  82. McCann MD, Moore IN, Carrick JB, et al: Effect of intravenous infusion of omega-3 and omega-6 lipid emulsions on equine monocyte fatty acid composition and inflammatory mediated production in vitro, Shock 14: 222, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  83. Henry MM, Moore IN, Feldman FB, et al: Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on equine monocytes procoagulant activity and eichosanoid synthesis, Circ Shock 32: 173, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  84. Munsterman AS, Bertone AL, Zachosta, et al : Effect of the omega-3 fatty acid, alpha- linolenic acid, on lipopolysaccharide-challenged synovial explants from horses, Am J Vet Res 66: 1503, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  85. Billinghurst RC, O’Brien K, Poole AR, et al: Inhibition of articular cartilage degradation in culture by a non-peptidic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, Ann N Y Acad Sci 878: 594, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  86. Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE: Unpublished data, 2005.
  87. Frisbie DD: Future directions and treatment of joint disease in horses, Vet Clin Equine 21: 713, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  88. Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW: Evaluation of gene therapy as a treatment for equine traumatic arthritis and osteoarthritis, Clin Orthop 3795: S273, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  89. Frisbie DD, Ghivizzani SC, Robbins PD, et al: Treatment of experimental equine osteoarthritis by in vivo delivery of the equine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene, Gene Ther 9: 12, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  90. Meijer H, Reinecke J, Becker C, et al: The production of anti-inflammatory cytokines in whole blood by physico-chemical induction, Inflamm Res 52: 404, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  91. Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Werpy NM, et al: Clinical, biochemical and histological effects of intra-articular administration of autologous conditioned serum in horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis, Am J Vet Res 68: 290, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  92. Pittenger M, MacKay A, Beck S, et al: Multi-lineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells, Science 284: 143, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  93. Frisbie DD, Kisiday JB, Kawcak CE, et al: Evaluation of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of osteoarthritis, J Orthop Res 27: 1675, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  94. Murphy JM, Fink DJ, Hunziker EB, et al: Stem cell therapy in caprine model of osteoarthritis, Arthritis Rheum 48: 3464, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  95. Karsdel MA, Tanko LB, Riis BJ, et al: Calcitonin is involved in cartilage homeostasis: is calcitonin a treatment for OA? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 14: 617, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  96. Hajjaji HE, Williams JM, Devogelaer J-P, et al: Treatment with calcitonin prevents the net loss of collagen, hyaluronan and proteoglycan in aggregates from cartilage in the early stages of canine experimental osteoarthritis, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12: 904, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  97. Cranney A, Tugwell B, Zytaruk N, et al: Meta-analyses of therapies for post-menopausal osteoporosis. 6. Meta-analysis of calcitonin for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis, Endocr Rev 23: 540, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  98. Hellio MP, Peschard MJ, Cohen C, et al: Calcitonin inhibits phospholipase A2 and collagenase activity of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 5: 121, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  99. Yarborough TB, Lee MR, Hornof WJ, et al: Samarium 153-labelled hydroxyapatite microspheres for radiation synovectomy in the horse: a study of the biokinetics, dosimetry, clinical, and morphological response in normal metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, Vet Surg 29: 191, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  100. Yarborough TB, Lee MR, Hornof WJ, et al: Evaluation of Samarium 153 for synovectomy in an osteochondral fragment-induced model of synovitis in horses, Vet Surg 29: 252, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  101. McIlwraith CW: Experiences in diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse, Philadelphia, 1990, Lea & Febiger. PUBMED Abstract
  102. McIlwraith CW, Bramlage LR: Surgical treatment of joint injuries. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter OW, eds: Joint disease in the horse, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders.
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  104. McIlwraith CW: Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse, Lenexa, Kan., 1984, Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co.
  105. McIlwraith CW, Yovich JV, Martin GS: Arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of osteochondral chip fractures in the equine carpus, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191: 531, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  106. Yovich JV, McIlwraith CW: Arthroscopic surgery for osteochondral fractures of the proximal phalanx of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joints in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188: 243, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  107. Richardson DW: Technique for arthroscopic repair of third carpal bone slab fractures in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188: 288, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  108. Martin OS, McIlwraith CW: Arthroscopic anatomy of the equine femoropatellar joint and approaches for treatment of osteochondritis dissecans, Vet Surg 14: 99, 1985.
  109. McIlwraith CW, Martin GS: Arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans in the equine femoropatellar joint, Vet Surg 14: 105, 1985. t
  110. Bertone AL, McIlwraith CW, Powers BE, et al: Arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of osteochondrosis in the equine shoulder joint, Vet Surg 16: 303, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  111. Lewis RB: Treatment of subchondral bone cysts of the medial condyle of the femur using arthroscopic surgery, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33: 887, 1987.
  112. McIlwraith CW, Foerner JF, Davis DM: Osteochondritis dissecans of the tarsocrural joint: results of treatment with arthroscopic surgery, Equine Vet J 23: 155, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  113. McIlwraith CW: Arthroscopy—an update. In McIlwraith CW, ed: Clinical techniques in equine practice, Philadelphia, 2002, Saunders.
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  115. Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW: Proximodorsal first phalanx osteochondral chip fragments in 320 horses, Equine Vet J 26: 392, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  116. Colon JL, Bramlage LR, Hance SR, et al: Qualitative and quantitative documentation of the racing performance of Thoroughbred racehorses after arthroscopic removal of dorsoproximal first phalanx osteochondral fractures (1986-1995), Equine Vet J 32: 475, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  117. Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Norrdin RW, et al: Clinical effects of exercise on subchondral bone on carpo-metacarpophalangeal joints in horses, Am J Vet Res 61: 1252, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  118. Norrdin RW, Kawcak CE, Capwell BA, et al: Subchondral bone failure in an equine model of overload arthrosis, Bone 22: 133, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  119. Wilke M, Nixon AJ, Malark J: Fractures of the palmar aspect of carpal 7 bones in horses: 10 cases (1984-2000), J Am Vet Med Assoc 219: 801, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  120. Brommer H, Rijkenhuizen AM, van den Belt HAM, et al: Arthroscopic removal of an osteochondral fragment at the palmaroproximal aspect of the distal interphalangeal joint, Equine Vet Educ 13: 294, 2001.
  121. Vacek JR, Welch RD, Honnas CM: Arthroscopic approach and intra-articular anatomy of the palmaroproximal and plantaroproximal aspect of distal interphalangeal joints, Vet Surg 4: 257, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  122. McIlwraith CW: Tearing of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament in the equine mid-carpal joint, Equine Vet J 24: 367, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  123. Phillips TJ, Wright IM: Observations on the anatomy and pathology of the palmar intercarpal ligaments in the middle carpal joints of Thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 26: 486, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  124. Whitton RC, McCarthy Rose RJ: The intercarpal ligaments of equine mid-carpal joint. Part I: the anatomy of the palmar and dorsomedial intercarpal ligaments of the mid-carpal joint, Vet Surg 26: 359, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  125. Whitton RC, Rose RJ: The intercarpal ligaments of the equine mid-carpal joint. Part II: the role of the palmar intercarpal ligaments in the restraint of dorsal displacement of the proximal row of carpal bones, Vet Surg 26: 367, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  126. Whitton RC, Kannegieter NJ, Rose RJ: The intercarpal ligaments of the equine mid-carpal joint. Part III: clinical observations in 32 racing horses with mid-carpal joint disease, Vet Surg 26: 374, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  127. Foerner JJ, Barclay WP, Phillips TN, et al: Osteochondral fragments of the palmar/plantar aspect of the fetlock joint, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33: 739, 1987.
  128. Fortier LA, Foerner JJ, Nixon AJ: Arthroscopic removal of axial osteochondral fragments of the plantar/palmar proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx in horses: 119 cases (1988-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc 206: 71, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  129. McIlwraith CW, Vorhees SM: Management of osteochondritis dissecans of the dorsal aspect of the distal metacarpus and metatarsus, Proc 36th Annual Meeting AAEP 36: 547, 1990.
  130. Southwood LL, McIlwraith CW: Arthroscopic removal of fracture fragments involving a portion of the base of the sesamoid bone in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 217: 236, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  131. Southwood LL, Trotter GW, McIlwraith CW: Arthroscopic removal of abaxial fracture fragments of the proximal sesamoid bone in horses: 47 cases (1989-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 213: 1016, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  132. Southwood LL, McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, et al: Arthroscopic removal of apical fractures of the proximal sesamoid bone in horses: 98 cases (1989-1999), Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46: 100, 2000.
  133. Schnabel LV, Bramlage LR, Mohammed HO, et al: Racing performance after arthroscopic removal of sesamoid fracture fragments in Thoroughbred horses aged less than 2 years: 151 cases (1989-2002), Equine Vet J 39: 64, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  134. Schnabel LV, Bramlage LR, Mohammed HO, et al: Racing performance after arthroscopic removal of apical sesamoid fracture fragments in Thoroughbred horses aged ≥ 2 years: 84 cases (1989-2002), Equine Vet J 38: 446, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  135. Zamos DT, Honnas CM, Hoffman AG: Arthroscopic approach and intra-articular anatomy of the plantar pouch of the equine tarsocrural joint, Vet Surg 23: 161, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  136. Foland JW, McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW: Arthroscopic surgery for osteochondritis dissecans of the femoropatellar joint of the horse, Equine Vet J 24: 419, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  137. McIlwraith CW: Osteochondral fragmentation or the distal aspect or the patella in horses, Equine Vet J 22: 157, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  138. Marble GP, Sullins KE: Arthroscopic removal of patellar fracture fragments in horses: 5 cases (1989-1998), J Am Vet Med Assoc 216: 1799, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  139. Howard RD, McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW: Arthroscopic surgery for subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle in horses: 41 cases (1988-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 206: 846, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  140. Textor JA, Nixon AJ, Lumsden J, et al: Subchondral cystic lesions of the proximal extremity or the tibia in horses: 12 cases (1983-2000), J Am Vet Med Assoc 218: 408, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  141. Ray CS, Baxter GM, McIlwraith CW, et al: Development of subchondral cystic lesions after articular cartilage and subchondral bone damage in young horses, Equine Vet J 28: 225, 1996.
  142. von Rechenberg B, Guenther H, McIlwraith CW, et al: Fibrous tissue of subchondral cystic lesions in horses produce local mediators in neutral metalloproteinases and cause bone resorption in vitro, Vet Surg 29: 420, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  143. von Rechenberg B, McIlwraith CW, Akens M: Spontaneous production of nitric oxide (NO) prostaglandins (PGE12) in neutral metalloproteinases (MMPs) in media of explant cultures of equine synovial membrane and articular cartilage from normal and osteoarthritic joints, Equine Vet J 32: 140, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
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