Ch34. Laminitis

Ch34. Laminitis

Pathophysiology of Laminitis

  1. Pollitt CC: Basement membrane pathology: a feature of acute equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 28: 38, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Pollitt CC, Daradka M: Equine laminitis basement membrane pathology: loss of type IV collagen, type VII collagen and laminin immunostaining, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:139, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Obel N: Studies on the histopathology of acute laminitis, Almgvist and Wilcsells Bottrykeri Ab Uppsala (PhD Thesis), 1948.
  4. Kyaw-Tanner M, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) occurs during the developmental phase, Equine Vet J 36:221, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Kyaw-Tanner MT, Wattlet O, van Eps AW, et al: Equine laminitis: membrane type matrix metal loproteinase-1 (MMP-14) is involved in acute phase onset, Equine Vet J 40:482, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Daradka M, Pollitt CC: Epidermal cell proliferation in the equine hoof wall, Equine Vet J 36:236, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Loftus JP, Belknap JK, Black SJ: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in laminae of black walnut extract treated horses correlates with neutrophil abundance, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 113:267, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Loftus JP, Johnson P, Yin C, et al: Matrix metalloproteinases and structural tissue damage in equine laminitis, J Vet Intern Med 22:378, 2008.
  9. Coyne MJ, Cousin H, Loftus JP, et al: Cloning and expression of ADAM-related metalloproteases in equine laminitis, J vet Immunol 129:231, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Budak MT, Orsini JA, Pollitt CC, et al: Gene expression in the lamellar dermis-epidermis during the developmental phase of carbohydrate overload-induced laminitis in the horse, Vet Immunol Immunopathol doi: 101016/jvetimm200903019, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Asplin K, Sillence M, Pollitt C, et al: Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies, Vet J 174:530, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  12. deLaat MA, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, et al: Equine laminitis: induced by 40 hours of hyperinsulinaemia in Standardbred horses, Equine Vet J 42:129, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Nourian AR, Asplin KE, McGowan CM, et al: Equine laminitis: ultrastructural lesions detected in ponies after prolonged hyperinsulinaemia, Equine Vet J 41:671, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Faleiros RR, Nuovo GJ, Belknap JK: Calprotectin in myeloid and epithelial cells of laminae from horses with black walnut extract-induced laminitis, J Vet Intern Med 23:174, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Belknap J: Pathophysiology of equine laminitis, Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med 148, 2007.
  16. van Eps AW, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis induced with oligofructose, Equine Vet J 38: 203, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Morgan SJ, Hood DM, Wagner IP, et al: Submural histopathologic changes attributable to peracute laminitis in horses, Am J Vet Res 7:829, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Croser EL, Pollitt CC: Acute laminitis: descriptive evaluation of serial hoof biopsies, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:542, 2006.
  19. Nourian AR, Baldwin GI, van Eps AW, et al: Equine laminitis: ultrastructural lesions detected 24-30 hours after induction with oligofructose, Equine Vet J 39:360, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Van Eps AW, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis model: lamellar histopathology 7 days after induction with oligofructose, Equine Vet J doi: 10.2746/042516409X042434116, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Pollitt CC, Molyneux GS: A scanning electromicroscopical study of the dermal microcirculation of the equine foot, Equine Vet J 22:79, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Black SJ, Lunn DP, Yin C, et al: Leukocyte emigration in the early stages of laminitis, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 109:161, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Loftus J, Black S, Pettigrew A, et al: Early laminar events involving endothelial activation in horses with black walnut-induced laminitis, Am J Vet Res 68:1205, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Belknap JK, Giguere S, Pettigrew A, et al: Lamellar pro-inflammatory cytokine expression patterns in laminitis at the developmental stage and at the onset of lameness: innate vs. adaptive immune response, Equine Vet J 39:42, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Visser MB: Investigation of proteolysis of the basement membrane during the development of equine laminitis, School of Veterinary Science, Brisbane, 2009, The University of Queensland. PhD thesis.
  26. Kyaw Tanner M, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) occurs during the developmental phase, Equine Vet J 36:221, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Kyaw-Tanner MT, Wattle O, van Eps AW, et al: Equine laminitis: membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-14) is involved in acute phase onset, Equine Vet J 40:482, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Hood DM, Grosenbaugh DA, Mostafa BM, et al: The role of vascular mechanisms in the development of acute equine laminitis, J Vet Intern Med 7:228, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Loftus JP, Belknap JK, Stankiewicz KM, et al: Laminar xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the prodromal stage of black-walnut induced equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 39:48, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Pollitt CC, Davies CT: Equine laminitis: its development coincides with increased sublamellar blood flow, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:125, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Robinson NE, Scott JB, Dabney JM, et al: Digital vascular responses and permeability in equine alimentary laminitis, Am J Vet Res 37:1171, 1976. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Trout DR, Hornof WJ, Linford RL, et al: Scintigraphic evaluation of digital circulation during the developmental and acute phases of equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 22:416, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  33. deLaat MA, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, et al: Equine laminitis: induced by 48 hours of hyperinsulinaemia in Standardbred horses, Equine Vet J 42:129, 2010 PUBMED Abstract
  34. Sprouse RF, Garner HE, Green EM: Plasma endotoxin levels in horses subjected to carbohydrate induced laminitis, Equine Vet J 19:25, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Parsons CS, Orsini JA, Krafty R, et al: Risk factors for development of acute laminitis in horses during hospitalization: 73 cases (1997-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:885, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  36. MacKay RJ, Clark CK, Logdberg L, et al: Effect of a conjugate of polymyxin B- dextran 70 in horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia, Am J Vet Res 60:68, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Menzies Gow NJ, Bailey SR, Katz LM, et al: Endotoxin-induced digital vasoconstriction in horses: associated changes in plasma concentrations of vasoconstrictor mediators, Equine Vet J 36:273, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Barton MH, Collatos C, Moore JN: Endotoxin induced expression of tumour necrosis factor, tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity by peritoneal macrophages, Equine Vet J 28:382, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Ingle-Fehr JE, Baxter GM: Evaluation of digital and laminar blood flow in horses given a low dose of endotoxin, Am J Vet Res 59:192, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Stephens KA: Studies on sublethal endotoxemia in the horse, Southwest Vet 36:27, 1984.
  41. Milinovich GJ, Burrell PC, Pollitt CC, et al: Microbial ecology of the equine hindgut during oligofructose-induced laminitis, ISME J 2:1089, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Coyne MJ, Cousin H, Loftus JP, et al: Cloning and expression of ADAM related metalloproteases in equine laminitis, J Vet Immunol 129:231, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Rasmussen HS, McCann PP: Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition as a novel anticancer strategy: a review with special focus on batimastat and marimastat, Pharmacol Ther 75:69, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Asplin KE, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC, et al: Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies, Vet J 174:530, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Baron AD: Insulin resistance and vascular function, J Diabetes Complications 16:92, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Bailey SR, Marr CM, Elliott J: Current research and theories on the pathogenesis of acute laminitis in the horse, Vet J 167:129, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Uemura S, Matsushita H, Li W, et al: Diabetes mellitus enhances vascular matrix metalloproteinase activity: role of oxidative stress, Circ Res 88:1291, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  48. Mungall BA, Kyaw-Tanner M, Pollitt CC: In vitro evidence for a bacterial pathogenesis of equine laminitis, Vet Microbiol 79:209, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  49. Milinovich GJ, Trott DJ, Burrell PC, et al: Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of hindgut bacteria associated with the development of equine laminitis, Environ Microbiol 9:2090, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Milinovich GJ, Trott DJ, Burrell PC, et al: Changes in equine hindgut bacterial populations during oligofructose induced laminitis, Environ Microbiol 8:885, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Johnson PJ: The equine metabolic syndrome peripheral Cushing’s syndrome, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 18:271, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Geor RJ: Insulin resistance in equids: possible role in laminitis, J Nutr 136:2094S, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, et al: Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies, J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1538, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Bailey SR, Habershon-Butcher JL, Ransom KJ, et al: Hypertension and insulin resistance in a mixed-breed population of ponies predisposed to laminitis, Am J Vet Res 69:122, 2006.
  55. Bailey SR, Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, et al: Effect of dietary fructans and dexamethasone administration on the insulin response of ponies predisposed to laminitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1365, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  56. McGowan C, Frost R, Pfeiffer D, et al: Serum insulin concentrations in horses with equine Cushing’s syndrome: response to a cortisol inhibitor and prognostic value, Equine Vet J 36:194, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  57. Reeves HJ, Lees R, McGowan CM: Measurement of basal serum insulin concentration in the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease in ponies, Vet Rec 149:449, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Walsh D, McGowan C, McGowan T, et al: Correlation of plasma insulin concentration with laminitis score in a field study of equine Cushing’s disease and equine metabolic syndrome, J Equine Vet Sci 29:87, 2009.
  59. Pratt SE, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ: Effects of dietary energy source and physical conditioning on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in Standardbred horses, Equine Exerc Physiol 36:579, 2006 PUBMED Abstract
  60. Durham AE, Rendle DI, Newton JR: The effect of metformin on measurements of insulin sensitivity and b cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance, Equine Vet J doi:10.2746/ 042516408X042273648, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  61. Bailey SR, Elliott J: The corticosteroid laminitis story: 2. Science of if, when and how, Equine Vet J 39:7- 11, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  62. French K, Pollitt CC, Pass MA: Pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of triamcinolone acetonide and their possible relationships to glucocorticoid-induced laminitis in horses, J Vet Pharm Ther 23: 287, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  63. McCluskey MJ, Kavenagh PB: Clinical use of triamcinolone acetonide in the horse (205 cases) and the incidence of glucocorticoid-induced laminitis associated with its use, Equine Vet Educ 16:86, 2004.
  64. Bramlage L: Personal communication, 2008.

Diagnosis of Laminitis

  1. Treiber K, Kronfeld D, Hess T, et al: Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies, J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1538, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 2006.

Medical Therapy of Laminitis

  1. Baxter GM: Acute laminitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:627, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Pollitt CC, Pass MA, Pollitt S: Batimastat (BB-94) inhibits matrix metalloproteinases of equine laminitis, Equine Vet J Suppl 26: 119, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Kyaw Tanner M, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) occurs during the developmental phase, Equine Vet J 36:221, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Kyaw-Tanner MT, Wattle O, van Eps AW, et al: Equine laminitis: membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-14) is involved in acute phase onset, Equine Vet J 40:482, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Coyne MJ, Cousin H, Loftus JP, et al: Cloning and expression of ADAM related metalloproteases in equine laminitis, J Vet Immunol 129:231, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Pollitt CC, Davies CT: Equine laminitis: its development coincides with increased sublamellar blood flow, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:125, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Mungall BA, Kyaw-Tanner M, Pollitt CC: In vitro evidence for a bacterial pathogenesis of equine laminitis, Vet Microbiol 79:209, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Semrad SD, Hardee GE, Hardee MM, et al: Low-dose flunixin meglumine—effects on eicosanoid production and clinical signs induced by experimental endotoxemia in horses, Equine Vet J 19:201, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Ingle-Fehr JE, Baxter GM: Evaluation of digital and laminar blood flow in horses given a low dose of endotoxin, Am J Vet Res 59:192, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  10. van Eps AW, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis induced with oligofructose, Equine Vet J 38: 203, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Worster AA, Gaughan EM, Hoskinson JJ, et al: Effects of external thermal manipulation on laminar temperature and perfusion scintigraphy of the equine digit, New Zealand Vet J 48:111, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Mealey RH, Carter GK, Roussel AJ, et al: Indwelling cecal catheters for fluid administration in ponies, J Vet Intern Med 9:347, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  13. van Eps AW, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis: cryotherapy reduces the severity of the acute lesion, Equine Vet J 36:255, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  14. van Eps AW, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis model: cryotherapy reduces the severity of lesions evaluated seven days after induction with oligofructose, Equine Vet J 41:741, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Ingle Fehr JE, Baxter GM: The effect of oral isoxsuprine and pentoxifylline on digital and laminar blood flow in healthy horses, Vet Surg 28:154, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Adair HS 3rd, Goble DO, Schmidhammer JL, et al: Laminar microvascular flow, measured by means of laser Doppler flowmetry, during the prodromal stages of black walnut-induced laminitis in horses, Am J Vet Res 61:862, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Adair HS, Schmidhammer JL, Goble DO, et al: Effects of acepromazine maleate, isoxuprine hydrochloride and prazosin hydrochloride on laminar blood flow in healthy horses, J Equine Vet Sci 17:599, 1997.
  18. Loftus JP, Belknap JK, Stankiewicz KM, et al: Laminar xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the prodromal stage of black-walnut induced equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 39:48, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  19. van Eps AW, Walters LJ, Baldwin GI, et al: Distal limb cryotherapy for the prevention of acute laminitis, Clin Tech Equine Pract 3:64, 2004.
  20. Goetz TE: The treatment of laminitis in horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:73, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Peters D, Erfle J, Slobojan G: Low-dose pergolide mesylate treatment for equine hypophyseal adenomas (Cushing’s syndrome), Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41: 154, 1995.
  22. Walsh DM, McGowan CM, McGowan T, et al: Correlation of plasma insulin concentration with laminitis score in a field study of equine Cushing’s disease and equine metabolic syndrome, J Equine Vet Sci 29:87, 2009.
  23. Durham AE, Rendle DI, Newton JR: The effect of metformin on measurements of insulin sensitivity and β cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance, Equine Vet J 40:493, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

Chronic Laminitis

  1. Hood DM, Stevens KA: Pathophysiology of equine laminitis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 3:s454, 1981.
  2. Hood DM: The mechanisms and consequences of structural failure of the foot, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 15:437, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Pellmann R: Struktur und Funktion des Hufbeinträgers beim Pferd, dissertation, Berlin, 1995, Freie Universität.
  4. Budras KD, Schiel C, Mulling C: Horn tubules of the white line: an insufficient barrier against ascending bacterial invasion, Equine Vet Educ 10:81, 1998.
  5. Marks G: Makroskopische, licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Morphologie des Hyponichiums bei der Hufrehe des Pferdes, dissertation, Berlin, 1984, Freie Universität.
  6. Marks G, Budras KD: Zusammenhangstennung im corium und der epidermis bei der chronischen hufrehe des pferdes, Anat Histol Embryol J Vet Med Ser C 14:187, 1985.
  7. Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis: current concepts, Canberra, Australia, 2008, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.
  8. Johnson P, Kreeger J, Keeler M, et al: Serum markers of lamellar basement degradation and lamellar histopathological changes in horses affected with laminitis, Equine Vet J 32:462, 2000.
  9. Hinckley K, Henderson I: The epidemiology of equine laminitis in the UK. Proceedings of the 35th Congress of the British Equine Veterinary Association, Warwick, UK, 1996.
  10. Morgan SJ, Grosenbaugh DA, Hood DM: The pathophysiology of chronic laminitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 15: 395, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Kameya T: Clinical studies on laminitis in the racehorse, Exp Rep Equine Health Lab 10:19, 1973.
  12. Kuwano A, Katayama Y, Kasashima Y, et al: A gross and histopathological study of an ectopic white line development in equine laminitis, J Vet Med Sci 64:893, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Stick JA, Lann HW, Scott EA, et al: Pedal bone rotation as a prognostic sign in laminitis of horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:251, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Baxter GM: Equine laminitis caused by distal displacement of the distal phalanx: 12 cases (1976-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:326, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Cripps PJ, Eustace RA: Factors involved in the prognosis of equine laminitis in the UK, Equine Vet J 31:433, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Parks AH, Mair TS: Laminitis: a call for unified terminology, Equine Vet Educ 21:102, 2009.
  17. O’Brien TR, Baker BS: Distal extremity examination: how to perform the radiographic examination and interpret the radiographs, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 32:553, 1986.
  18. Linford RL: A radiographic, morphometric, histological and ultrastructural investigation of lamellar function, abnormality and the associated radiographic findings for sound and footsore thoroughbreds and horses with experimentally induced traumatic and alimentary laminitis, PhD dissertation, Davis, Calif, 1987, University of California, Davis.
  19. Cripps PJ, Eustace RA: Radiological measurements from the feet of normal horses with relevance to laminitis, Equine Vet J 31:427, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Jones E, Vinuela-Fernandez I, Eager R, et al: Neuropathic changes in equine laminitis pain, Pain 132:321, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Wagner IP, Hood DM: Cause of airlines associated with acute and chronic laminitis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:363, 1997.
  22. Kameya T, Kiryu K, Kaneko M, et al: Histopathogenesis of thickening of the hoof wall laminae in equine laminitis, Japan J Vet Sci 42:361, 1980. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Mostafa MB: Studies on experimental laminitis in the horse, PhD dissertation, Giza, Egypt, 1986, Cairo University.
  24. Budras KD, Hullinger RL, Sack WO: Light and electron microscopy of keratinization in the laminar epidermis of the equine hoof with reference to laminitis, Am J Vet Res 50:150, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Goetz TE: Anatomic, hoof, and shoeing considerations for the treatment of laminitis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1323, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

Venography

  1. Redden RR: A technique for performing digital venography in the standing horse, Equine Vet Educ 13:128, 2001.
  2. Mishra PC, Leach DH: Extrinsic and intrinsic veins of the equine hoof wall, J Anat 136:543, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Baldwin GI, Pollitt CC: Retrograde venous angiography (venography) of the equine digit during experimentally induced acute and chronic laminitis. Proceeding of the 47th Congress of the British Equine Veterinary Association, Liverpool, UK, 2008.
  4. Eustace RA, Emery S: Partial coronary epidermectomy (coronary peel), dorsodistal wall fenestration and deep digital flexor tenotomy to treat severe acute founder in a Connemara pony, Equine Vet Educ 21:91, 2009.

Hoof Care of a Laminitic Horse

  1. Allen DA, White NA, Fernier J, et al: Surgical management of chronic laminitis in horses: 13 cases (1983-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1604, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  2. O’Grady SE, Steward ML, Parks AH: How to construct and apply the wooden shoe for treating three manifestations of laminitis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 53:423, 2007.
  3. Hunt RJ, Allen DA, Baxter GM, et al: Mid-metacarpal deep digital flexor tenotomy in the management of refractory laminitis in the horse, Vet Surg 20:15, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Eastman TG, Honnas CM, Hague BA, et al: Deep digital flexor tenotomy as a treatment for chronic laminitis in horses: 37 cases, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 44:265, 1998.

Deep Digital Flexor Tenotomy for Managing Laminitis

  1. Allen D, White NA, Foerner JF, et al: Surgical management of chronic laminitis in horses: 13 cases (1983-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1604, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Eastman TG, Honnas CM, Hague BA, et al: Deep digital flexor tenotomy as a treatment for chronic laminitis in horses: 35 cases (1988-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:517, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Jann HW, Williams JA, Whitfield CC, et al: Surgical treatment of chronic refractory laminitis: deep digital flexor tenotomy, Equine Pract 19:26, 1997.
  4. Hunt RJ, Allen DA, Baxter GM, et al: Mid-metacarpal deep digital flexor tenotomy in the management of refractory laminitis in horses, Vet Surg 20:15, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Burba DJ, Hubert JD, Beadle R: How to perform a mid-metacarpal deep digital flexor tenotomy on a standing horse, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:547, 2006.

Other Management Aspects of Laminitis

  1. Sigafoos R: Personal communication, 2001.
  2. Ellis J, Hollands T: Use of height-specific weigh tapes to estimate the bodyweight of horses, Vet Rec 150:632, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Tinworth K, Edwards S, Harris P, et al: Pharmacokinetics of oral metformin in insulin-resistant ponies, Am J Vet Res (In press.) PUBMED Abstract
  4. Jones E, Vinuela-Fernandez I, Eager R, et al: Neuropathic changes in equine laminitis, Pain 132:321, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Dutton D, Lashnits K, Wegner K: Managing severe hoof pain in a horse using multimodal analgesia and a modified composite pain score, Equine Vet Educ 21:37, 2009.
  6. Love E: Assessment and management of pain in horses, Equine Vet Educ 21:46, 2009.