Ch83. Skeletal Muscle and Lameness

Ch83. Skeletal Muscle and Lameness

  1. Madigan JE, Valberg SJ, Ragle C, et al: Muscle spasms associated with ear tick (Otobius megnini) infestations in five horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207: 74, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Holmgren N, Valberg S: Measurement of serum myoglobin concentrations in horses by immunodiffusion, Am J Vet Res 53: 957, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Valberg S, Jonsson L, Lindholm A, et al: Muscle histopathology and plasma aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and myoglobin changes with exercise in horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, Equine Vet J 25: 11, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Cardinet GH, Littrell JF, Freedland RA: Comparative investigations of serum creatine phosphokinase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activities in equine paralytic myoglobinuria, Res Vet Sci 8: 219, 1967. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Volfinger L, Lassourd V, Michaux JM, et al: Kinetic evaluation of muscle damage during exercise by calculation of amount of creatine kinase released, Am J Physiol 266: R434, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Argiroudis SA, Kent JE, Blackmore DJ: Observations on the isoenzymes of creatine kinase in equine serum and tissues, Equine Vet J 14: 317, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Anderson MG: The influence of exercise on serum enzyme levels in the horse, Equine Vet J 7: 160, 1975.
  8. Cardinet GH III, Fowler ME, Tyler WS: The effects of training, exercise, and tying-up on serum transaminase activities in horses, Am J Vet Res 24: 980, 1963. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Rowland LP, Penn AS: Myoglobinuria, Med Clin North Am 56: 1233, 1972. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Poso AR, Soveri T, Oksanen HE: The effect of exercise on blood parameters in Standardbred and Finnish-bred horses, Acta Vet Scand 24: 170, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Gallant EM, et al: Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds: one syndrome, multiple aetiologies, Equine Vet J Suppl 30: 533, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Lentz LR, Valberg SJ, Herold LV, et al: Myoplasmic calcium regulation in myotubes from horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, Am J Vet Res 63: 1724, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Turner T: Use of thermography in lameness evaluation, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 44: 224, 1998.
  14. Matin P: Basic principles of nuclear medicine techniques for detection and evaluation of trauma and sports medicine injuries, Semin Nucl Med 18: 90, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Crenshaw AG, Friden J, Hargens AR, et al: Increased technetium uptake is not equivalent to muscle necrosis: scintigraphic, morphological and intramuscular pressure analyses of sore muscles after exercise, Acta Physiol Scand 148: 187, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Morris E, Seeherman HJ, O’Callaghan MW, et al: Scintigraphic identification of skeletal muscle damage in horses 24 hours after strenuous exercise, Equine Vet J 23: 347, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Reef V: Musculoskeletal ultrasonography. In Equine diagnostic ultrasonography, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
  18. Levaille R, Biller D: Muscle evaluation, foreign bodies and miscellaneous swellings. In Mckinnon AO, Rantanen N, editors: Equine diagnostic ultrasonography, Baltimore, 1998, Williams and Wilkins.
  19. Cardinet GH III, Holliday TA: Neuromuscular diseases of domestic animals: a summary of muscle biopsies from 159 cases, Ann N Y Acad Sci 317: 290, 1979. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Cumming WJK, Fulthorpe JJ, Hudgson P, et al: Color atlas of muscle pathology, London, 1994, Mosby-Wolfe.
  21. Beech J, Lindborg S, Fletcher JE, et al: Caffeine contractures, twitch characteristics and the threshold for Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release in skeletal muscle from horses with chronic intermittent rhabdomyolysis, Res Vet Sci 54: 110, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Lentz LR, Valberg SJ, Balog EM, et al: Abnormal regulation of muscle contraction in horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, Am J Vet Res 60: 992, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Wijnberg ID, Back W, de Jong M, et al: The role of electromyography in clinical diagnosis of neuromuscular locomotor problems in the horse, Equine Vet J 36: 718, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Wijnberg ID, Franssen H, Jansen GH, et al: Quantitative electromyographic examination in myogenic disorders of 6 horses, J Vet Intern Med 17: 185, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Cheung K, Hume P, Maxwell L: Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors, Sports Med 33: 145, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Denoix JM, Pailloux JP: Physical therapy and massage for the horse, Pomfret, Vermont, 2001, Trafalgar Square Publishing.
  27. Harris PA, Dyson S: Muscular disorders. In Robinson NE, ed: Current therapy in equine medicine, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders.
  28. Marks D: Non-metabolic factors associated with myositis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 22: 229, 1976.
  29. Snow DH, Valberg SJ: Muscle-anatomy: adaptations to exercise and training. In Rose RJ, Hodgson DH, eds: The athletic horse: principles and practice of equine sports medicine, ed 1, Philadelphia, 1994, Saunders.
  30. Jeffcott LB, Dalin G, Drevemo S, et al: Effect of induced back pain on gait and performance of trotting horses, Equine Vet J 14: 129, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Porter M: Equine rehabilitation therapy for joint disease, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 21: 599, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Porter M: The new equine sports therapy, 1998, The Blood Horse Inc., Eclipse Press.
  33. Bromiley M: Equine injury, therapy and rehabilitation, Oxford, UK, 1993, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
  34. Tyler CM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ: Effect of a warm-up on energy supply during high intensity exercise in horses, Equine Vet J 28: 117, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  35. McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ, Hinchcliff KW: Effects of prior exercise on muscle metabolism during sprint exercise in horses, J Appl Physiol 87: 1914, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Lund RJ, Guthrie AJ, Mostert HJ, et al: Effect of three different warm-up regimens on heat balance and oxygen consumption of thoroughbred horses, J Appl Physiol 80: 2190, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Cole FL, Mellor DJ, Hodgson DR, et al: Prevalence and demographic characteristics of exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses in Australia, Vet Rec 155: 625, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Freestone JF, Carlson GR: Muscle disorders in the horse: a retrospective study, Equine Vet J 23: 86, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Valentine BA, McDonough SP, Chang YF, et al: Polysaccharide storage myopathy in Morgan, Arabian, and Standardbred related horses and Welsh-cross ponies, Vet Pathol 37: 193, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Harris PA: The equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome in the United Kingdom: epidemiological and clinical descriptive information, Br Vet J 147: 373, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Harris PA, Snow DH, Greet TR, et al: Some factors influencing plasma AST/CK activities in thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J Suppl 9: 66, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  42. McCraken RW, Steffen MR: New and successful treatments for azoturia, Am J Vet Med 7: 429, 1912.
  43. Beech J: Chronic exertional rhabdomyolysis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13: 145, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Hodgson DR: Exertional rhabdomyolysis. In Robinson NE, ed: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1987, Saunders.
  45. Harris PA: An outbreak of the equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome in a racing yard, Vet Rec 127: 468, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Firshman AM, Valberg SJ, Bender JB, et al: Epidemiologic characteristics and management of polysaccharide storage myopathy in Quarter Horses, Am J Vet Res 64: 1319, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Carlson GP: Medical problems associated with protracted heat and work stress in horses. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Association of Equine Sports Medicine, Reno, Nevada, 1985.
  48. Koterba A, Carlson GP: Acid-base and electrolyte alterations in horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180: 303, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  49. Beech J: Diagnosing chronic intermittent rhabdomyolysis, Vet Med May: 453, 1994.
  50. Collinder E, Lindholm A, Rasmuson M: Genetic markers in standardbred trotters susceptible to the rhabdomyolysis syndrome, Equine Vet J 29: 117, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Hunt LM, Valberg SJ, Steffenhagen K, et al: An epidemiological study of myopathies in Warmblood horses, Equine Vet J 40: 171, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  52. McCue ME, Valberg SJ: Estimated prevalence of polysaccharide storage myopathy among overtly healthy Quarter Horses in the United States, Am J Vet Res 231: 746, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  53. McCue ME, Ribeiro WP, Valberg SJ: Prevalence of polysaccharide storage myopathy in horses with neuromuscular disorders, Equine Vet J 36: 340, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Firshman AM, Baird JD, Valberg SJ: Prevalences and clinical signs of polysaccharide storage myopathy and shivers in Belgian draft horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 227: 1958, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  55. Valentine BA, Habecker PL, Patterson JS, et al: Incidence of polysaccharide storage myopathy in draft horse-related breeds: a necropsy study of 37 horses and a mule, J Vet Diagn Invest 13: 63, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  56. MacLeay JM, Sorum SA, Valberg SJ, et al: Epidemiologic analysis of factors influencing exertional rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbreds, Am J Vet Res 60: 1562, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  57. McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Miller MB, et al: Glycogen synthase (GYS1) mutation causes a novel skeletal muscle glycogenosis, Genomics 91: 458, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Valberg SJ, Cardinet GH III, Carlson GP, et al: Polysaccharide storage myopathy associated with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses, Neuromuscul Disord 2: 351, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  59. McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Lucio M, et al: Glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) mutation in diverse breeds with polysaccharide storage myopathy, J Vet Intern Med 22: 1228, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  60. MacLeay JM, Valberg SJ, Pagan JD, et al: Effect of ration and exercise on plasma creatine kinase activity and lactate concentration in Thoroughbred horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, Am J Vet Res 61: 1390, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  61. Harris P, Colles C: The use of creatinine clearance ratios in the prevention of equine rhabdomyolysis: a report of four cases, Equine Vet J 20: 459, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  62. Harris PA, Snow DH: Role of electrolyte imbalances in the pathophysiology of the equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome. In Persson S, Lindholm A, Jeffcott LB, eds: Equine exercise physiology, ed 3, Davis, CA, 1991, ICEEP Publications.
  63. McKenzie EC, Valberg SJ, Godden SM, et al: Comparison of volumetric urine collection versus single-sample urine collection in horses consuming diets varying in cation-anion balance, Am J Vet Res 64: 284, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Bain FT, Merritt AM: Decreased erythrocyte potassium concentration associated with exercise-related myopathy in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196: 1259, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  65. Beech J, Lindborg S, Braund KG: Potassium concentrations in muscle, plasma and erythrocytes and urinary fractional excretion in normal horses and those with chronic intermittent exercise- associated rhabdomyolysis, Res Vet Sci 55: 43, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  66. Roneus B, Hakkarainen J: Vitamin E in serum and skeletal muscle tissue and blood glutathione peroxidase activity from horses with the azoturia-tying-up syndrome, Acta Vet Scand 26: 425, 1985.
  67. Hill H: Selenium-vitamin E treatment of tying-up in horses, Mod Vet Pract 43: 66, 1962.
  68. Upjohn MM, Archer RM, Christley RM, et al: Incidence and risk factors associated with exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome in National Hunt racehorses in Great Britain, Vet Rec 156: 763, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  69. McGowan CM, Posner RE, Christley RM: Incidence of exertional rhabdomyolysis in polo horses in the USA and the United Kingdom in the 1999/2000 season, Vet Rec 150: 535, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  70. Dranchak PK, Valberg SJ, Onan GW, et al: Inheritance of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in thoroughbreds, J Am Vet Med Assoc 227: 762, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  71. McGowan CM, Fordham T, Christley RM: Incidence and risk factors for exertional rhabdomyolysis in thoroughbred racehorses in the United Kingdom, Vet Rec 151: 623, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  72. McKenzie EC, Valberg SJ, Godden SM, et al: Effect of dietary starch, fat, and bicarbonate content on exercise responses and serum creatine kinase activity in equine recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, J Vet Intern Med 17: 693, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  73. Fraunfelder HC, Rossdale PD, Rickets SW: Changes in serum muscle enzyme levels in associated with training schedules and stages of oestrus cycle in thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 18: 371, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  74. Valberg S, Haggendal J, Lindholm A: Blood chemistry and skeletal muscle metabolic responses to exercise in horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, Equine Vet J 25: 17, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  75. MacLeay JM, Valberg SJ, Pagan JD, et al: Effect of diet on thoroughbred horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis performing a standardised exercise test, Equine Vet J Suppl 30: 458, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  76. Waldron-Mease E: Hypothyroidism and myopathy in racing thoroughbreds and standardbreds, J Equine Vet Sci 3: 124, 1979.
  77. Lopez JR, Linares N, Cordovez G, et al: Elevated myoplasmic calcium in exercise-induced equine rhabdomyolysis, Pflugers Arch 430: 293, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  78. Ward TL, Valberg SJ, Gallant EM, et al: Calcium regulation by skeletal muscle membranes of horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, Am J Vet Res 61: 242, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  79. Dranchak PK, Valberg SJ, Onan GW, et al: Exclusion of linkage of the RYR1, CACNA1S, and ATP2A1 genes to recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbreds, Am J Vet Res 67: 1395, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  80. Waldron-Mease E, Klein LV, Rosenberg H, et al: Malignant hyperthermia in a halothane-anesthetized horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 179: 896, 1981. PUBMED Abstract
  81. McKenzie EC, Valberg SJ, Godden SM, et al: Effect of oral administration of dantrolene sodium on serum creatine kinase activity after exercise in horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, Am J Vet Res 65: 74, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  82. Edwards JG, Newtont JR, Ramzan PH, et al: The efficacy of dantrolene sodium in controlling exertional rhabdomyolysis in the Thoroughbred racehorse, Equine Vet J 35: 707, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  83. Beech J, Fletcher JE, Lizzo F, et al: Effect of phenytoin on the clinical signs and in vitro muscle twitch characteristics in horses with chronic intermittent rhabdomyolysis and myotonia, Am J Vet Res 49: 2130, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  84. McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, McDiarmid AM, et al: Four cases of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy in the United Kingdom, Vet Rec 152: 109, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  85. Valentine BA, Cooper BJ: Incidence of polysaccharide storage myopathy: necropsy study of 225 horses, Vet Pathol 42: 823, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  86. Valentine BA: Polysaccharide storage myopathy: a common metabolic disorder of horses, Vet Pathol 39: 630, 2002.
  87. Valberg SJ, MacLeay JM, Mickelson JR: Polysaccharide storage myopathy associated with exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 19: 1077, 1997.
  88. Sprayberry KA, Madigan J, Lecouteur RA, et al: Renal failure, laminitis, and colitis following severe rhabdomyolysis in a draft horse-cross with polysaccharide storage myopathy, Can Vet J 39: 500, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  89. Valentine BA, de Lahunta A, Divers TJ, et al: Clinical and pathologic findings in two draft horses with progressive muscle atrophy, neuromuscular weakness, and abnormal gait characteristic of shivers syndrome, J Am Vet Med Assoc 215: 1661, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  90. Valentine BA, Credille KM, Lavoie JP, et al: Severe polysaccharide storage myopathy in Belgian and Percheron draught horses, Equine Vet J 29: 220, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  91. Valberg S: personal observation, 2009.
  92. Annandale EJ, Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, et al: Insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose transport in horses with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy, Neuromuscul Disord 14: 666, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  93. Annandale EJ, Valberg SJ, Essen-Gustavsson B: Effects of submaximal exercise on adenine nucleotide concentrations in skeletal muscle fibers of horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy, Am J Vet Res 66: 839, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  94. Ribeiro WP, Valberg SJ, Pagan JD, et al: The effect of varying dietary starch and fat content on serum creatine kinase activity and substrate availability in equine polysaccharide storage myopathy, J Vet Intern Med 18: 887, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  95. Valentine BA, Van Saun RJ, Thompson KN, et al: Role of dietary carbohydrate and fat in horses with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy, J Am Vet Med Assoc 219: 1537, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  96. Aleman M, Riehl J, Aldridge BM, et al: Association of a mutation in the ryanodine receptor 1 gene with equine malignant hyperthermia, Muscle Nerve 30: 356, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  97. McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Jackson M, et al: Polysaccharide storage myopathy phenotype in Quarter Horse-related breeds is modified by the presence of an RYR1 mutation, Neuromusc Disord 19: 37, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  98. Aleman M, Brosnan RJ, Williams DC, et al: Malignant hyperthermia in a horse anesthetized with halothane, J Vet Intern Med 19: 363, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  99. Byrne E, Jones SL, Valberg SJ, et al: Rhabdomyolysis in two foals with polysaccharide storage myopathy and concurrent pneumonia, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 22: 503, 2000.
  100. Perkins G, Valberg SJ, Madigan JM, et al: Electrolyte disturbances in foals with severe rhabdomyolysis, J Vet Intern Med 12: 173, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  101. De La Corte FD, Valberg SJ, MacLeay JM, et al: Developmental onset of polysaccharide storage myopathy in 4 Quarter Horse foals, J Vet Intern Med 16: 581, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  102. Bernard W, Reimers JM, Cudd T, et al: Historical factors, clinicopathologic findings, clinical features and outcome of equine neonates presenting with or developing signs of central nervous system disease, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41: 222, 1995.
  103. Dill SG, Rebhun WC: White muscle disease in foals, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 7: S627, 1985.
  104. Sponseller BT, Valberg SJ, Tennent-Brown BS, et al: Severe acute rhabdomyolysis associated with Streptococcus equi infection in four horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 227: 1800, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  105. Sponseller BT, Valberg SJ, Ward TL, et al: Muscular weakness and recumbency in a quarter horse colt due to glycogen branching enzyme deficiency, Equine Vet Educ 14: 182, 2003.
  106. Valberg SJ, Ward TL, Rush B, et al: Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency in quarter horse foals, J Vet Intern Med 15: 572, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  107. Ward TL, Valberg SJ, Adelson DL, et al: Glycogen branching enzyme (GBE1) mutation causing equine glycogen storage disease IV, Mamm Genome 15: 570, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  108. Wagner ML, Valberg SJ, Ames EG, et al: Allele frequency and likely impact of the glycogen branching enzyme deficiency gene in Quarter Horse and Paint Horse populations, J Vet Intern Med 20: 1207, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  109. Tryon RC, Penedo MC, McCue ME, et al: Allele frequencies of inherited disease genes in subpopulations of American Quarter Horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 234: 120, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  110. Kaese HJ, Valberg SJ, Hayden DW, et al: Infarctive purpura hemorrhagica in five horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 226: 1893, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  111. Lewis SS, Valberg SJ, Nielsen IL: Suspected immune-mediated myositis in horses, J Vet Intern Med 21: 495, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  112. Barrott MJ, Brooks HW, McGowan CM: Suspected immune-mediated myositis in a pony, Equine Vet Educ April: 80, 2004.
  113. Traub-Dargatz JL, Schlipf JW Jr, Granstrom DE, et al: Multifocal myositis associated with Sarcocystis sp in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 205: 1574, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  114. Hilton H, Madigan JE, Aleman M: Rhabdomyolysis associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 22: 1061, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  115. Peek SF, Semrad SD, Perkins GA: Clostridial myonecrosis in horses (37 cases 1985-2000), Equine Vet J 35: 86, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  116. Rebhun WC, Shin SJ, King JM, et al: Malignant edema in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187: 732, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
  117. Valberg SJ, Mckinnon AO: Clostridial cellulitis in the horse: a report of five cases, Can Vet J 25: 67, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  118. Vengust M, Arroyo LG, Weese JS, et al: Preliminary evidence for dormant clostridial spores in equine skeletal muscle, Equine Vet J 35: 514, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  119. Smith RK, Dyson SJ, Head MJ, et al: Ultrasonography of the equine triceps muscle before and after general anaesthesia and in postanaesthetic myopathy, Equine Vet J 28: 311, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  120. Hennig GE, Court MH: Equine postanesthetic myopathy: an update, Compend Cont Educ 13: 1709, 1991.
  121. Valverde A, Boyd CJ, Dyson DH, et al: Prophylactic use of dantrolene associated with prolonged postanesthetic recumbency in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 197: 1051, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  122. Mubarek S, Hargens A: Acute compartment syndrome, Surg Clin North Am 63: 539, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
  123. Hargens A, Akeson W: Pathophysiology of the compartment syndrome. In Mubarek S, Hargens A, eds: Compartment syndromes and Volkmann’s contracture, Philadelphia, 1981, Saunders.
  124. Sullins KE, Heath RB, Turner AS, et al: Possible antebrachial flexor compartment syndrome as a cause of lameness in two horses, Equine Vet J 19: 147, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  125. Maylin GA, Rubin DS, Lein DH: Selenium and vitamin E in horses, Cornell Vet 70: 272, 1980. PUBMED Abstract
  126. McMurray CH, Rice DA: Vitamin E and selenium deficiency diseases, Irish Vet J 36: 57, 1982.
  127. Maas J, Galey FD, Peauroi JR, et al: The correlation between serum selenium and blood selenium in cattle, J Vet Diagn Invest 4: 48, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  128. Roneus B, Jonsson L: Muscular dystrophy in foals, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 31: 441, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  129. Roneus BO, Hakkarainen RV, Lindholm CA, et al: Vitamin E requirements of adult Standardbred horses evaluated by tissue depletion and repletion, Equine Vet J 18: 50, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  130. Roneus B, Lindholm A: Glutathione peroxidase activity in the blood of healthy horses given different selenium supplementation, Nord Vet Med 35: 337, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
  131. Roneus B: Glutathione peroxidase and selenium in the blood of healthy horses and foals affected by muscular dystrophy, Nord Vet Med 34: 350, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
  132. Koller LD, Whitbeck GA, South PJ: Transplacental transfer and colostral concentrations of selenium in beef cattle, Am J Vet Res 45: 2507, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  133. Maas J, Peauroi JR, Tonjes T, et al: Intramuscular selenium administration in selenium-deficient cattle, J Vet Intern Med 7: 342, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  134. Ammend JF, Mallon FM, Wren WB: Equine monensin toxicosis: some experimental clinicopathological observations, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 2: S173, 1980.
  135. Beier RC, Norman JO, Reagor JC, et al: Isolation of the major component in white snakeroot that is toxic after microsomal activation: possible explanation of sporadic toxicity of white snakeroot plants and extracts, Nat Toxins 1: 286, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  136. Olson CT, Keller WC, Gerken DF, et al: Suspected tremetol poisoning in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185: 1001, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  137. Beier RC, Norman JO: The toxic factor in white snakeroot: identity, analysis and prevention, Vet Hum Toxicol 32 ( Suppl): 81, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  138. Martin BW, Terry MK, Bridges CH, et al: Toxicity of Cassia occidentalis in the horse, Vet Hum Toxicol 23: 416, 1981. PUBMED Abstract
  139. Helman RG, Edwards WC: Clinical features of blister beetle poisoning in equids: 70 cases (1983-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 211: 1018, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  140. Whitwell KE, Harris P, Farrington PG: Atypical myoglobinuria: an acute myopathy in grazing horses, Equine Vet J 20: 357, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  141. Votion DM, Serteyn D: Equine atypical myopathy: a review, Vet J 178: 185, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  142. Finno CJ, Valberg SJ, Wunschmann A, et al: Seasonal pasture myopathy in horses in the midwestern United States: 14 cases (1998-2005), J Am Vet Med Assoc 229: 1134, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  143. Cassart D, Baise E, Cherel Y, et al: Morphological alterations in oxidative muscles and mitochondrial structure associated with equine atypical myopathy, Equine Vet J 39: 26, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  144. Westermann CM, Dorland L, Votion DM, et al: Acquired multiple Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in 10 horses with atypical myopathy, Neuromuscul Disord 18: 355, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  145. Votion DM, Linden A, Delguste C, et al: Atypical myopathy in grazing horses: a first exploratory data analysis, Vet J 180: 77, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  146. Brewer BD: Disorders in calcium metabolism. In Robinson NE, ed: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1987, Saunders.
  147. Baird JD: Lactation tetany (eclampsia) in a Shetland pony mare, Aust Vet J 47: 402, 1971. PUBMED Abstract
  148. Blood DC, Radostis OM, Henderson JA: Veterinary medicine, ed 6, London, 1983, Baillière Tindall.
  149. Day JW, Ranum LP: Genetics and molecular pathogenesis of the myotonic dystrophies, Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 5: 55, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  150. Day JW, Ranum LP: RNA pathogenesis of the myotonic dystrophies, Neuromuscul Disord 15: 5, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  151. Roneus B, Lindholm A, Jonsson L: Myotonia in five horses, Svensk Vet Tidning 35: 217, 1983.
  152. Schooley EK, MacLeay JM, Cuddon P, et al: Myotonia congenita in a foal, J Equine Vet Sci 24: 483, 2004.
  153. Steinburg S, Bothelo S: Myotonia in a horse, Science 137: 979, 1962.
  154. Hegreberg GA, Reed SM: Skeletal muscle changes associated with equine myotonic dystrophy, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 80: 426, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  155. Jamison JM, Baird JD, Smith-Maxie LL, et al: A congenital form of myotonia with dystrophic changes in a quarterhorse, Equine Vet J 19: 353, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
  156. Montagna P, Liguori R, Monari L, et al: Equine muscular dystrophy with myotonia, Clin Neurophysiol 112: 294, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  157. Reed SM, Hegreberg GA, Bayly WM, et al: Progressive myotonia in foals resembling human dystrophia myotonica, Muscle Nerve 11: 291, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  158. Nollet H, Vanderstraeten G, Sustronck B, et al: Suspected case of stiff-horse syndrome, Vet Rec 146: 282, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  159. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 2000-2010.
  160. Mayhew J: Personal communication, 2000.
  161. Cox JH: An episodic weakness in four horses associated with intermittent serum hyperkalemia and the similarity of the disease to hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in man, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 383, 1985.
  162. Spier SJ, Carlson GP, Holliday TA, et al: Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 197: 1009, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  163. Rudolph JA, Spier SJ, Byrns G, et al: Periodic paralysis in quarter horses: a sodium channel mutation disseminated by selective breeding, Nat Genet 2: 144, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  164. Naylor JM: Selection of quarter horses affected with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis by show judges, J Am Vet Med Assoc 204: 926, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  165. Spier SJ, Carlson GP, Harrold D, et al: Genetic study of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 202: 933, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  166. Naylor JM: Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13: 129, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  167. Reynolds AJ: Equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP): overview & management strategies. Available at: http://www.admani.com/AllianceEquine/ TechBulletins/HYPP.htm. (Last accessed Jan. 5, 2008.)
  168. Reynolds JA, Potter GD, Greene LW: Genetic-diet interactions in the hyperkalemic periodic paralysis syndrome in Quarter Horses fed varying amounts of potassium: III. The relationship between plasma potassium concentration and HYPP symptoms, J Equine Vet Sci 18: 731, 1998.
  169. Carr EA, Spier SJ, Kortz GD, et al: Laryngeal and pharyngeal dysfunction in horses homozygous for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209: 798, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  170. Traub-Dargatz JL, Ingram JT, Stashak TS, et al: Respiratory stridor associated with polymyopathy suspected to be hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in four quarter horse foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201: 85, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  171. Naylor JM, Robinson JA, Crichlow EC, et al: Inheritance of myotonic discharges in American quarter horses and the relationship to hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, Can J Vet Res 56: 62, 1992. PUBMED Abstract