Ch27. The Foot and Shoeing

Ch27. The Foot and Shoeing

Foot Balance, Conformation, and Lameness

  1. Hickman J, Humphrey M: Hickman’s farriery, ed 2, London, 1988, JA Allen.
  2. Hertch B, Hoppner S, Dallmer H: The hoof and how to protect it without nails, Salzhausen-Putensen, 1996, Hellmuth Kallmer.
  3. Curtis S: Farriery: foal to racehorse, Newmarket, 1999, R & W Publications.
  4. Butler D: The principles of horse shoeing II, ed 2, Maryville, Mo, 1985, Doug Butler Publisher.
  5. Ritmeester AM, Blevins WE, Ferguson DW, Adams SB: Digital perfusion, evaluated scintigraphically, and hoof wall growth in horses with chronic laminitis treated with egg bar–heart bar shoeing and coronary grooving, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:111, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Kainer RA: Clinical anatomy of the equine foot, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:1, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Douglas JE, Mittal C, Thomason JJ, Jofriet JC: The modulus of elasticity of equine hoof wall: implications for the mechanical function of the hoof, J Exp Biol 199:1829, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Thomason JJ, Biewener AA, Bertram JEA: Surface strain on the equine hoof wall in vivo: implications for the material design and functional morphology of the wall, J Exp Biol 166:145, 1992.
  9. Kasapi MA, Gosline JM: Strain-rate–dependent mechanical properties of the equine hoof wall, J Exp Biol 199:1133, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Landeau LJ, Barrett DJ, Batterman SC: Mechanical properties of equine hooves, Am J Vet Res 44:100, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Bertram JE, Gosline JM: Fracture toughness design in horse hoof keratin, J Exp Biol 125:29, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Douglas JE, Biddick TL, Thomason JJ: Stress/strain behaviour of the equine laminar junction, J Exp Biol 201:2287, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Douglas JE, Thomason JJ: Shape, orientation and spacing of the primary epidermal laminae in the hooves of neonatal and adult horses (Equus caballus), Cells Tissues Organs 166:304, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Ovnicek G, Erfle JB, Peters DF: Wild horse hoof patterns offer a formula for preventing and treating lameness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41:258, 1995.
  15. Hood DM: Effects of ground surface on solar load distribution, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:360, 1997.
  16. Clayton HM: Effects of hoof angle on locomotion and limb loading. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
  17. Ratzlaff MH, Wilson P, Hyde M, et al: Relationship between locomotor forces, hoof position and joint motion during the support phase of the stride of galloping horses, Acta Anat (Basel) 143:200, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Merkens HW, Schamhardt HC: Relationships between ground reaction force patterns and kinematics in the walking and trotting horse, Equine Vet J Suppl 17:67, 1994.
  19. Balch OK: The effects of changes in hoof angle, mediolateral balance, and toe length on kinetic and temporal parameters of horses walking, trotting and cantering on a high-speed treadmill, PhD dissertation, Washington State University, 1993.
  20. van Heel MC, Barneveld A, van Weeren PR, Back W: Dynamic pressure measurements for the detailed study of hoof balance: the effect of trimming, Equine Vet J 36:778, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Back W, Schamhardt HC, Harman W, Barneveld A: Kinematic differences between the distal portions of the forelimbs and hind limbs of horses at the trot, Am J Vet Res 56:1522, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Clayton HM: The effect of an acute hoof wall angulation on the stride kinematics of trotting horses, Equine Vet J Suppl 9:86, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Lanovaz JL, Clayton HM, Watson LG: In vitro attenuation of impact shock in equine digits, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:96, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Willemen MA, Jacobs MW, Schamhardt HC: In vitro transmission and attenuation of impact vibrations in the distal forelimb, Equine Vet J Suppl 30:245, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Dyhre-Poulsen P, Smedegaard HH, Roed J, Korsgaard E: Equine hoof function investigated by pressure transducers inside the hoof and accelerometers mounted on the first phalanx, Equine Vet J 26:362, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Merkens, HW, Schamhardt HC, Hartman W, Kersjes AW: Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch Warmblood horses at normal walk, Equine Vet J 18:207, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Merkens HW, Schamhardt HC, Van Osch GJ, Van den Bogert AJ: Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch warmblood horses at normal trot, Equine Vet J 25:134, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Barrey E: Investigation of the vertical hoof force distribution in the equine forelimb with an instrumented horseboot, Equine Vet J Suppl 9:35, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL, Schamhardt HC, et al: Net joint moments and powers in the equine forelimb during the stance phase of the trot, Equine Vet J 30:384, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Schryver HF, Bartel DL, Langrana N, Lowe JE: Locomotion in the horse: kinematics and external and internal forces in the normal equine digit in the walk and trot, Am J Vet Res 39:1728, 1978. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Jansen MO, van den Bogert AJ, Riemersma DJ, Schamhardt HC: In vivo tendon forces in the forelimb of ponies at the walk, validated by ground reaction force measurements, Acta Anat (Basel) 146:162, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Riemersma DJ, van den Bogert AJ, Jansen MO, Schamhardt HC: Influence of shoeing on ground reaction forces and tendon strains in the forelimbs of ponies, Equine Vet J 28:126, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Johnston C, Roepstorff L, Drevemo S, Ronéus N: Kinematics of the distal forelimb during the stance phase in the fast trotting Standardbred, Equine Vet J Suppl 18:170, 1995.
  34. Johnston C, Roepstorff L, Devemo S, Kallings P: Kinematics of the distal hindlimb during stance phase in the fast trotting standardbred, Equine Vet J 28:263, 1996.
  35. Riemersma DJ, van den Bogert AJ, Janson MO, Schamhardt HC: Tendon strain in the forelimbs as a function of gait and ground characteristics and in vitro limb loading in ponies, Equine Vet J 28:133, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Dejardin LM, Arnoczky SP, Cloud GL: A method for determination of equine hoof strain patterns using photoelasticity: an in vitro study, Equine Vet J 31:232, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  37. (Fischerleitner TF cited by) Kainer RA: Clinical anatomy of the equine foot, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:1, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Thomason JJ: The hoof as a smart structure: is it smarter than us? In Floyd AE, Mansmann RA, eds: Equine podiatry, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders.
  39. Colles CM: The relationship of frog pressure to heel expansion, Equine Vet J 21:13, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Roepstroff L, Johnston C, Drevemo S: In vivo and in vitro heel expansion in relation to shoeing and frog pressure, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:54, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Ratzlaff MH, Shindell RM, DeBowes RM: Changes in digital venous pressures of horses moving at the walk and trot, Am J Vet Res 46:1545, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Bowker RM, van Wulfen KK, Springer SE, Linder KE: Functional anatomy of the cartilage of the distal phalanx and digital cushion in the equine foot and a hemodynamic flow hypothesis of energy dissipation, Am J Vet Res 59:961, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Denoix JM: Functional anatomy of the equine interphalangeal joints, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 9:174, 1999.
  44. Willemen MA, Savelberg HH, Barneveld A: The effect of orthopaedic shoeing on the force exerted by the deep digital flexor tendon on the navicular bone in horses, Equine Vet J 31:25, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Back W, Schamhardt HC, Savelberg HH, et al: How the horse moves. I. Significance of graphical representations of equine forelimb kinematics, Equine Vet J 27:31, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Leach DH, Drevemo S: Velocity-dependent changes in stride frequency and length of trotters on a treadmill, Equine Exerc Physiol 3:136, 1991.
  47. Holmstrom M, Fredricson I, Drevemo S: Biokinematic differences between horses judged as good and poor at the trot, Equine Vet J Suppl 17:51, 1994.
  48. Barrey E, Auvinet B, Courouce A: Gait evaluation of race trotters using an accelerometric device, Equine Vet J Suppl 18:156, 1995.
  49. Barrey E, Landjerit B, Wolter R: Shock and vibration during the hoof impact on different track surfaces, Equine Exerc Physiol 3:97, 1991.
  50. Drevemo S, Hjerten G: Evaluation of a shock absorbing woodchip layer on a harness racetrack, Equine Exerc Physiol 3:107, 1991.
  51. Cheney JA, Shen CK, Wheat JD: Relationship of racetrack surface to lameness in the Thoroughbred racehorse, Am J Vet Res 34:1285, 1973. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Buchner HH, Savelberg HH, Schamhardt HC, et al: Kinematics of treadmill versus overground locomotion in horses, Vet Q 16(Suppl 2):S87, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Balch O, White K, Butler D: Factors involved in the balancing of equine hooves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1980, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Jackson J: The natural horse, Flagstaff, Ariz, 1992, Northland Publishing.
  55. Turner TA: The use of hoof measurements for the objective assessment of hoof balance, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 38:389, 1992.
  56. Russel W: Scientific horseshoeing, Cincinnati, 1901, Robert Clarke.
  57. Williams G, Deacon M: No foot, no horse, Buckingham, 1999, Kenilworth.
  58. Cripps PJ, Eustace RA: Radiological measurements from the feet of normal horses with relevance to laminitis, Equine Vet J 31:427, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  59. O’Brien TR, Baker TW: Distal extremity examination: how to perform the radiographic examination and interpret the radiographs, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 32:553, 1986.
  60. Linford RL, O’Brien TR, Trout DR: Qualitative and morphometric radiographic findings in the distal phalanx and digital soft tissues of sound Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 54:38, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  61. Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell.
  62. Kane AJ, Stover SM, Gardner IA, et al: Hoof size, shape, and balance as possible risk factors for catastrophic musculoskeletal injury of Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 59:1545, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Stashak TS: Adams’ lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger.
  64. Young J: Hoof balance: methods and assessment. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
  65. Page B: How to mark the foot for radiography, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:148, 1999.
  66. Moyer W, Anderson JP: Lameness caused by improper shoeing, J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:47, 1975.
  67. Colahan P, Leach D, Muir G: Center of pressure location of the hoof with and without hoof wedges, Equine Exerc Physiol 3:113, 1991.
  68. Firth EC, Schamhardt HC, Hartman W: Measurements of bone strain in foals with altered foot balance, Am J Vet Res 49:261, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  69. Caudron I, Grulke S, Farnir F, et al: In-shoe foot force sensor to assess hoof balance determined by radiographic method in ponies trotting on a treadmill, Vet Q 20:131, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  70. Wilson AM, Seelig TJ, Shield RA, Silverman BW: The effect of foot imbalance on point of force application in the horse, Equine Vet J 30:540, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  71. Allen N, Butler D: Effect of hoof balance on hoof capsule and coffin bone, Am Farriers J 22:28, 1996.
  72. van Heel MC, Moleman M, Barneveld A, et al: Changes in location of centre of pressure and hoof-unrollment pattern in relation to an 8-week shoeing interval in the horse, Equine Vet J, 37:536, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  73. Peel JA, Peel MB, Davies HM: The effect of gallop training on hoof angle in Thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:431, 2006 PUBMED Abstract
  74. Bushe T, Turner TA, Poulos P, et al: The effect of hoof angle on coffin, pastern and fetlock joint angles, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33:729, 1987.
  75. Crevier-Denoix N, Roosen C, Dardillat C, et al: Effects of heel and toe elevation upon the digital joint angles in the standing horse, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:74, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  76. Vitanen MJ, Wilson AM, McGuigan HR, et al: Effect of foot balance on the intra-articular pressure in the distal interphalangeal joint in vitro, Equine Vet J 35:184, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  77. Thompson KN, Cheung TK, Silverman M: The effect of toe angle on tendon, ligament and hoof wall strains in vitro, J Equine Vet Sci 13:651, 1993.
  78. Lochner FK, Milne DW, Mills EJ, Groom JJ: In vivo and in vitro measurement of tendon strain in the horse, Am J Vet Res 41:1929, 1980. PUBMED Abstract
  79. Chateau H, Degueurce C, Denoix JM: Three-dimensional kinematics of the distal forelimb in horses trotting on a treadmill and effects of elevation of heel and toe, Equine Vet J 38:164, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  80. Clayton HM: The effect of an acute angulation of the hind hooves on diagonal synchrony of trotting horses, Equine Vet J Suppl 9:91, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  81. Balch O, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL: Weight and length induced changes in limb kinematics in trotting horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:218, 1996.
  82. Balch O, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL: Effects of increasing hoof length on limb kinematics of trotting horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 40:43, 1994.
  83. Page BT, Hagan TL: Breakover of the hoof and its effect on structures and forces within the foot, J Equine Vet Sci 22:258, 2002.
  84. Thomason JJ: Variation in surface strain on the equine hoof wall at the midstep with shoeing, gait, substrate, direction of travel, and hoof shape, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:86, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  85. Glade MJ, Solzman RA: Effects of toe angle on hoof growth and contraction in the horse, J Equine Vet Sci 5:45, 1985.
  86. Moyer W, Anderson JP: Sheared heels: diagnosis and treatment, J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:53, 1975. PUBMED Abstract
  87. Page B, Anderson GF: Diagonal imbalance of the equine foot: a cause of lameness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 38:413, 1992.
  88. Snow VE, Birdsall DP: Specific parameters used to evaluate hoof balance and support, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 36:299, 1990.
  89. Caudron I, Grulke S, Farnir F, et al: Radiographic assessment of equine interphalangeal joints asymmetry: articular impact of phalangeal rotations. Part I, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 45:319, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  90. Caudron I, Grulke S, Farnir F, et al: Radiographic assessment of equine interphalangeal joints asymmetry: articular impact of asymmetric bearings. Part II, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 45:327, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  91. Caudron I, Miesson M, Grulke S, et al: Clinical and radiological assessment of corrective trimming in horses, J Equine Vet Sci 17:375, 1997.
  92. Eliashar E, McGuigan MP, Wilson AM: Relationship of foot conformation and force applied to the navicular bone of sound horses at the trot, Equine Vet J 36:431, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  93. O’Grady SO, Watson E: How to glue on therapeutic shoes, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:115, 1999.
  94. Sigafoos R: Composite reconstruction of equine underrun heels, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:673, 1991.

Horseshoes and Shoeing

  1. Willemen MA, Savelberg HH, Bruin G, Barneveld A: The effect of toe weights on linear and temporal stride characteristics of standardbred trotters, Vet Q 16(Suppl 2):S97, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Chateau C, Deguerce C, Denoix JM: Effects of egg-bar shoes on the 3-dimensional kinematics of the distal forelimb in horses walking on a sand track, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:377, 2006 PUBMED Abstract
  3. Willemen MA, Savelberg HH, Barneveld A: The effect of orthopaedic shoeing on the force exerted by the deep digital flexor tendon on the navicular bone in horses, Equine Vet J 31:25, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Benoit P, Barrey E, Regnault JC, Brochet JL: Comparison of the damping effect of different shoeing by the measurement of hoof acceleration, Acta Anat (Basel) 146:109, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Gustås P, Johnston C, Roepstorff L, Drevemo S: In vivo transmission of impact shock waves in the distal forelimb of the horse, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:11, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Pardoe CH, McGuigan MP, Rogers KM, et al: The effect of shoe material on the kinetics and kinematics of shoe slip at impact on concrete, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:70, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Balch O, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL: Weight and length induced changes in limb kinematics in trotting horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:218, 1996.
  8. Clayton HM: The effect of an acute hoof wall angulation on the stride kinematics of trotting horses, Equine Vet J Suppl 9:86, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Clayton HM, Sigafoos R, Curle RD: Effect of three shoe types on the duration of breakover in sound trotting horses, J Equine Vet Sci 11:129, 1991.
  10. Willemen MA, Savelberg HH, Jacobs MW, Barneveld A: Biomechanical effects of rocker-toed shoes in sound horses, Vet Q 18:S75, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  11. van Heel MC, van Weeren PR, Back W: Shoeing sound Warmblood horses with a rolled toe optimizes hoof-unrollment and lowers peak loading during breakover, Equine Vet J 38:258, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Willemen MA, Savelberg HH, Barneveld A: The improvements of the gait quality of sound trotting Warmblood horses by normal shoeing and its effect on the load on the lower forelimb, Livestock Prod Sci 52:145, 1997.
  13. Clayton HM: The effect of an acute angulation of the hind hooves on diagonal synchrony of trotting horses, Equine Vet J Suppl 9:91, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Roepstorff L, Johnston C, Drevemo S: The effect of shoeing on kinetics and kinematics during the stance phase, Equine Vet J Suppl 30:279, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Colles CM: A technique for assessing hoof function in the horse, Equine Vet J 21:17, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Dyhre-Poulsen P, Smedegaard HH, Roed J, Korsgaard E: Equine hoof function investigated by pressure transducers inside the hoof and accelerometers mounted on the first phalanx, Equine Vet J 26:362, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Willemen MA, Jacobs MW, Schamhardt HC: In vitro transmission and attenuation of impact vibrations in the distal forelimb, Equine Vet J Suppl 30:245, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Thomason JJ: Variation in surface strain on the equine hoof wall at the midstep with shoeing, gait, substrate, direction of travel, and hoof shape, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:86, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Wilson AM, Seelig TJ, Shield RA, Silverman BW: The effect of foot imbalance on point of force application in the horse, Equine Vet J 30:540, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Hertch B, Hoppner S, Dallmer H: The hoof and how to protect it without nails, Salzhausen-Putensen, 1996, Hellmuth Kallmer.
  21. van Heel MC, Moleman M, Barneveld A, et al: Changes in location of centre of pressure and hoof-unrollment pattern in relation to an 8-week shoeing interval in the horse, Equine Vet J 37:536, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Allen N, Butler D: Effect of hoof balance on hoof capsule and coffin bone, Am Farriers J 22:28, 1996.
  23. Moyer W, Anderson JP: Lameness caused by improper shoeing, J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:47, 1975. PUBMED Abstract

Additional Reading

  1. Butler D, Butler J: The principles of horseshoeing III, Crawford, Nebr, 2004, Doug Butler Enterprises.
  2. Curtis S: Farriery: foal to racehorse, Newmarket, 1999, R & W Publications.
  3. Hickman J, Humphrey M: Hickman’s farriery, ed 2, London, 1988, JA Allen.

Natural Balance Trimming and Shoeing

  1. Ovnicek G: Measurements of the sole thickness relative to the third phalanx after the dissection of nine balanced and un-balanced hooves, unpublished data, 1999.
  2. Duckett D: External reference points of the equine hoof, self-published paper, 1988.

Hoof Reconstruction Materials and Glue-On Shoes

  1. Reilly PT, Reilly DA, Orsini JA: The long-term results of glue-on shoes on dorsal hoof wall distortion, J Equine Vet Sci 29:115, 2009.